ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to measure the variational change in residual chlorine decay in water distribution network. A total of 330 water sample were collected at different periods of the day for ten days. Ten water sample locations at water stand taps, were taken for the study area in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The effect of various Pipe diameter, water sample point distance, change in chlorine concentration with time on residual chlorine and regression model of residual chlorine as a function of dosage, pipe diameter and temperature were investigated. First order decay equation was used to model and analyse the variational change in residual chlorine concentration. It was observed that, the residual chlorine concentration decreased as pipe diameter increased. The loss of chlorine in water was found to be smaller in larger pipe diameters. The residual chlorine concentration decreases as distance increased. A linear relationship was observed to exist between residual chlorine concentration and change in chlorine concentration with time. Furthermore, from the regression model, the R square value range from 0.73-0.93 being the coefficient of correlation of the regression, showed a good correlation for morning ,afternoon and night period for the total variation of the chlorine concentration at the water stand taps which accounted for by dosage, temperature and pipe diameter. The dosage, temperature and pipe diameter were the independable variables indicated as X1, X2, X3 and Y as the dependable variable been the residual chlorine at the stand taps. Conclusively, since the R square values of the regression model was considered high, this indicate the goodness of fit of the analysis.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Having the understanding on how residual chlorine decay in water distribution network happens, the significance of the study will help water board and water service providers in planning and simplifying approach in predicting residual chlorine decay in pipe of varying diameter and distances.
Despite the problem created by residual chlorine decay in water distribution network, the measured and analysed data of the collected water sample of this study will help water utility operative in the proper dosage of water treatment plant to attain a desirable and durable residual chlorine at water stand taps.
1.2STUDY AREA
Calabar South local Government Area of Cross River State constitutes the study area. The area is denominated by two major rivers, Calabar River in the North-West and the great Kwa river in the Eastern part of the study area. The study area is located between latitude 4o55’15” and
4o58’30” North and longitude 8o 18 30” and 8o 21’00” East, with a population of 100, 585 in 1991 population census. It had a population of 191, 630 in 2006 National population projection. It occupies an area of 270 sqkm (Antigha, 2002).
Figure 1.2: Map of the study Area
The study area comprised of study location and street which include: Cross River State Water Board limited, ground level water storage reservoir, elevated water storage tank, a pump station, nine location/streets comprising of Goldie, Mount-Zion, Yellow Duke, Ekpo – Abasi, New-Airport, Abitu, Jebs, Imman and Mbukpa. The source of water is the Cross River State Water Board, which extract its main collection source from a fresh water river located at lemna road at Ikot- Effangha, Calabar. The water sample collection points were from the ground level water storage reservoir, elevated water storage tank, pump station, Goldie, Mount-Zion, Yellow-Duke, Ekpo-Abasi, New-Airport,
Abitu, Jebs, Imman and Mbukpa. The topography of the study area is slightly steep with slope of about 1.700 (Edet and Ntekin,1996).
1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Having the understanding on how residual chlorine decay in water distribution network happens, the significant of the study will help water board and water service providers in planning and simplifying approach in predicting residual chlorine decay in pipes of varying diameters and distances.
Despite the problem created by residual chlorine decay in water distribution network, the measured and analysed data on the collected water sample for this study will help water utility operators in the effective chlorine dosage of water treatment plant to attain a desirable and durable residual chlorine at water stand taps.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Having the understanding on how residual chlorine decay in water distribution network happens, this study will help water board and water service providers in planning and simplifying approach in predicting residual chlorine decay in pipes of varying diameters and distances.
Despite the problem created by residual chlorine decay in water distribution network, the measured and analysed data of the collected water samples for this study will help water utility operators in the
proper dosage of water treatment plant to attain a desirable and durable residual chlorine at water stand taps.
1.5 AIM OF STUDY
The aim of the research work is to investigate the adequacy and variation of residual chlorine in the water distribution network.
1.6 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The major objective of the research is to investigate the adequacy and variation of residual chlorine in a distribution system. The specific objectives are as follows:
1. To generate data on residual chlorine concentration along distribution network forCalabarmetropolise.
2. To determine the variational change in residual chlorine concentration with time.
3. To determine the effect of pipe diameter on residual chorine.
4. To determine the effect of water sampling point distance on residual chlorine.
5. To investigate the kinetics of residual chlorine decay.
6. To investigate the adequacy of residual chlorine in the network.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
This research covers water distribution network located in Calabar
South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Thelimitations of the project work are outline as follows:
1. Time consuming as regard obtaining data.
2. Cost of chlorine reagent andself-transportation to location of water sample collection point.
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
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