RESIDUAL CHLORINE DECAY IN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

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ABSTRACT

The  study  was  undertaken  to  measure  the  variational  change  in residual chlorine decay in water distribution network. A total of  330 water sample were collected at different periods of the day for ten days. Ten water sample locations at water stand taps, were  taken for the study area in Calabar South Local Government  Area  of Cross River State, Nigeria. The effect of various Pipe diameter, water sample point distance,  change  in  chlorine  concentration  with  time  on  residual chlorine  and  regression  model  of residual  chlorine  as a function  of dosage, pipe diameter  and temperature were investigated. First order decay equation was used to model and analyse the variational change in residual  chlorine concentration.  It was observed that, the residual chlorine concentration decreased as pipe diameter increased. The loss of chlorine in water was found to be smaller in larger pipe diameters. The residual chlorine concentration decreases as distance increased. A linear  relationship  was  observed  to  exist  between  residual  chlorine concentration   and   change   in   chlorine   concentration   with   time. Furthermore, from the regression model, the R square value range from 0.73-0.93 being the coefficient of correlation of the regression, showed a good correlation   for  morning ,afternoon   and night period for  the total variation  of the chlorine concentration  at the  water stand taps which   accounted for by dosage, temperature and  pipe diameter. The dosage, temperature and pipe diameter were the independable variables indicated  as X1, X2, X3 and Y as the  dependable  variable been the residual chlorine at the stand taps.  Conclusively, since the R square values of the regression model was considered high, this indicate the goodness of fit of the analysis.

CHAPTER ONE:

 INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Having  the  understanding  on  how  residual  chlorine  decay  in  water distribution network happens, the significance  of the study  will help water board and water service providers in planning and  simplifying approach  in  predicting  residual  chlorine  decay  in  pipe  of  varying diameter and distances.

Despite  the  problem  created  by  residual  chlorine  decay  in  water distribution network, the measured and analysed data of the collected water sample of this study will help water utility operative in the proper dosage  of  water  treatment  plant  to  attain  a  desirable  and  durable residual chlorine at water stand taps.

1.2STUDY AREA

Calabar South local Government Area of Cross River State constitutes the study area. The area is denominated by two major rivers, Calabar River in the North-West and the great Kwa river in the Eastern part of the study area. The study area is located between latitude 4o55’15” and

4o58’30” North and longitude  8o  18 30” and 8o  21’00” East, with  a population of 100, 585 in 1991 population census. It had a population of 191, 630 in 2006 National population projection. It occupies an area of 270 sqkm (Antigha, 2002).

Figure 1.2: Map of the study Area

The study area comprised of study location and street which include: Cross  River  State  Water  Board  limited,  ground  level  water  storage reservoir,   elevated   water   storage   tank,   a   pump   station,   nine location/streets comprising of Goldie, Mount-Zion, Yellow Duke, Ekpo – Abasi, New-Airport,   Abitu, Jebs,  Imman and Mbukpa. The source of water is the Cross River State  Water Board, which extract its main collection source from a fresh water river located at lemna road at Ikot- Effangha, Calabar. The  water sample collection points were from the ground level water storage reservoir, elevated water storage tank, pump station,  Goldie,  Mount-Zion,  Yellow-Duke,  Ekpo-Abasi,  New-Airport,

Abitu, Jebs, Imman and Mbukpa. The topography of the study area is slightly steep with slope of  about 1.700 (Edet and Ntekin,1996).

1.3  RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Having  the  understanding  on  how  residual  chlorine  decay  in  water distribution  network  happens,  the significant  of the study  will  help water board and water service providers in planning and  simplifying approach  in  predicting  residual  chlorine  decay  in  pipes  of  varying diameters and distances.

Despite  the  problem  created  by  residual  chlorine  decay  in  water distribution network, the measured and analysed data on the collected water  sample  for this  study  will help  water  utility  operators  in the effective chlorine dosage of water treatment plant to attain a desirable and durable residual chlorine at water stand taps.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Having  the  understanding  on  how  residual  chlorine  decay  in  water distribution  network  happens,  this study will help water  board  and water  service  providers  in  planning  and  simplifying   approach  in predicting  residual chlorine decay in pipes of varying  diameters  and distances.

Despite  the  problem  created  by  residual  chlorine  decay  in  water distribution network, the measured and analysed data of the collected water samples for this study will help water utility  operators  in the

proper  dosage  of  water  treatment  plant  to  attain  a  desirable  and durable residual chlorine at water stand taps.

1.5   AIM OF STUDY

The aim of the research work is to investigate the adequacy and variation of residual chlorine in the water distribution network.

1.6   OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The major objective of the research is to investigate the adequacy and variation  of residual  chlorine  in  a  distribution  system.  The  specific objectives are as follows:

1. To  generate   data   on  residual   chlorine   concentration   along distribution network forCalabarmetropolise.

2. To   determine   the   variational   change   in   residual   chlorine concentration with time.

3. To determine the effect of pipe diameter on residual chorine.

4. To  determine  the  effect  of  water  sampling  point  distance  on residual chlorine.

5. To investigate the kinetics of residual chlorine decay.

6. To investigate the adequacy of residual chlorine in the network.

1.7  SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH

This   research  covers water distribution  network  located  in  Calabar

South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria.

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY

Thelimitations of the project work are outline as follows:

1.     Time consuming as regard obtaining data.

2.       Cost  of  chlorine  reagent  andself-transportation  to  location  of water sample collection point.



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