Abstract
The overall purpose of the study was to determine the perception of extension staff of manpower and institutional factors that constrain agricultural extension services in Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (BNARDA). The study was guided by three research purposes, namely: to describe the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics; to determine the perception of the extension staff on the number of extension staff as a manpower constrain; and to examine the extension staff perception of agricultural extension policies as institutional constraint. The study was carried out in Benue State, one of the North-central states in Nigeria. The population of the study comprised the BNARDA extension staff at the head quarters, the zonal managers of agricultural zones in the state, and the BNARDA field extension staff assigned to extension services in the state. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 2 state headquarters, 2 zones, 18 workers from the 2 zones, 36 blocks and 72 village extension agents. This resulted to the total of 117 respondents at different levels in BNARDA extension service as the sample for the study. A set of structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. Percentage, mean and standard deviation statistics were used to analyse the data collected. The results of the study showed that majority of the BNARDA extension agents are male (64.2%) as against the 36.8% who are women; majority of BNARDA extension agents are in their middle age with an average mean of
43.5 years; majority of the BNARDA extension agents (58.1%) possess university degree and/or Higher Diploma (B.Sc/B.Ed/HND); as much as 42.7% of the BNRADA staff have been into extension service for 21 years and above, with the mean of 20.5 years indicating that BNARDA staff are well experienced (in terms of the number of years in service) in their duty; and as much as 40.2% of the respondents have worked as BNARDA extension workers for 21 years and above. The mean number of years as BNARDA extension staff by the respondents is 19.5 years. This means that the BNARDA staff are well informed about the activities of BNARDA over many years and are therefore in good positions to provide the relevant information for any improvement of BNARDA. The findings from the study also revealed that BNARDA has been unable to deliver some aspects of its extension service objectives because it is lacking the necessary number of extension workers (manpower) to carry out these services. In spite of this, the study revealed also that technical knowledge, skills and experiences of recruited extension staff do not constitute constraints to BNARDA’s service delivery. With regard to the influence of structures and implementation of agricultural extension policies as institutional factors that can influence extension service delivery, the findings of the study showed that they constitute part of the institutional constraints that negatively influence the extension service delivery offered by BNARDA staff. The findings also revealed that there has been consistent lack of remuneration and incentives for BNARDA staff and that this has negatively influenced the extension service delivery offered by the BNARDA staff and indeed the purpose for the establishment of BNARDA as an agricultural project aimed at improving the conditions of the people in Benue State. Based on the major findings of this study, it was recommended among other things, that as long as the objectives of agricultural programmes are still considered to be of some importance, the number of BNARDA extension workers helping in the realization of the objectives of agricultural projects need to be increased.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
CHAPTER ONE
Public agricultural extension organizations in most countries have the task of providing a two way flow of improved technology and information between research and users, primarily farmers. They operate in an institutional environment that includes other public and private organizations active in agriculture (Peterson, 1998).
In Nigeria, as elsewhere, the ministry based extension service was found to be unable to effectively address agricultural and rural development problems (Ladele, 2008). This led to the establishment of Agricultural Development Projects (ADP) which marked the departure of the Nigerian extension system from ministry based extension to project-based extension system. The ADP was sponsored by the World Bank in collaboration with the states and federal governments.
Almost all the states in the country actively implemented statewide ADPs until World Bank finally withdrew funding at the expiry of the project. Development activities of ADPs declined considerably, though at varying degrees across the states, as government could not meet the financial demand of these projects . The earlier experience in the ADPs operation was highly promising that it was thought that most of the traditional problems would have been alleviated. However, the spirit of the early ADP era was not sustained, coupled with the fact that the Training and Visit extension approach had its associated problems. This implied that there are yet a myriad of problems of agricultural extension begging for appropriation attention (Ladele, 2008).
Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (BNARDA) was established in 1986 as one of the first generation seven Multi-State Agricultural Development Projects (MSADP) in Nigeria. It was inaugurated as a parastatal under Edit
No. 7 of 1985. Its operations were organised into three core sub-programmes namely: Agriculture, Engineering, and Commercial Services. There are also four support sub- programmes namely: Administration, Finance, Human Resource Development, and Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation. In order to make the impact of BNARDA felt in the whole state, it is operated on the basis of three agro-development zones of the state, namely, Central Zone with headquarters at Otukpo, Eastern Zone with headquarters at Adikpo, and Northern Zone with its headquarters located at Gboko.
The broad goal of BNARDA is to promote and sustain crop and food production and raise the incomes and standard of living of farmers in Benue State. The overall objectives are:
(a) To assist the small scale farmers increase food production and raise the level of incomes and living standards.
(b) To focus on agricultural potentials in effectively utilizing intensive programmes of
On-Farm Adaptive research.
(c) To develop an effective unified Training and Visit (T&V) agricultural extension system in the state.
(d) To establish and operate a workable input procurement and distribution system capable of serving the farmers at the right time.
(e) To provide rural infrastructures for sustained development.
The agency was co-financed in the following percentages in accordance with the loan agreement (BNARDA, 1996a):
(a) World Bank – 66%
(b) Federal Government – 20%
(c) Benue State Government – 14%
The initial loan BNARDA received from the World Bank, otherwise known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) was US$15.7 million. It was categorised into expenditure headings as follows:
i. Civil Works and Buildings – US$5.5 million ii. Plant equipment and vehicles – US$5.5 million iii. Internationally recruited staff Consultants,
training and studies – US$1.2 million iv. Farm inputs – US$1.5 million v. Operational costs and general services – US$2.5 million
Funds disbursed to BNARDA by the federal government and Benue State Government were as follows:
Table 1: Funding of BNARDA by the state and federal government
Year | BNSG (N) | FGN (N) |
1986 | 1,265,924.00 | 500,000.00 |
1987 | 4,459,788.00 | 2,055,000.00 |
1988 | 5,289,055.00 | 2,105,000.00 |
1989 | 5,310,923.00 | 1,539,400.00 |
1990 | 6,416,670.00 | 2,500,000.00 |
1991 | 6,830,671.00 | 2,725,000.00 |
1992 | 1,325,001.00 | 3,010,000.00 |
1993 | 1,9515,723.00 | 2,813,875.00 |
1994 | 23,819,570.00 | 4,806,120.00 |
2003 | 18,000,000.00 | N/A |
2004 | 18,000,000.00 | N/A |
2005 | 18,000,000.00 | N/A |
2006 | 18,000,000.00 | N/A |
2007 | 18,000,000.00 | N/A |
2008 | 57,600,000.00 | N/A |
Total | 221,833,325.00 | 22,054,395.00 |
[Source: BNARDA (1996); BNARDA (2008); BNARDA (2009)]
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
PERCEPTION OF INSTITUTIONAL AND MANPOWER FACTORS CONSTRAINING AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES IN BENUE STATE AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY>
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