MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING AND ITS APPLICATION TO ORGANISATIONAL, PLANNING, CONTROL AND DECISION MAKING

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0      BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In every business organization today, Management Accounting serves as the ‘language’ used by businesses to communicate both financial information and non-financial information to individuals and groups who have an interest in how the business is performing. From a management accounting point of view, the primary purpose of management is to plan, control and make decisions that may be classified as marketing, production, and financial. The tactical decisions which must be preceded by strategic decisions provide the historical data from which the accountant prepares financial statements. The business firm or enterprise is an organizational structure in which the basic activities are departmentalized as line and staff. The organization is run or controlled by individuals collectively called management. Every organization has managers, however,  these managers have a responsibility to the organization’s stakeholders to manage the organization in the most-effective and most-efficient way, to maximize the organization’s potential, thus it involves the managers undertaking adequate planning for the short-term and long-term future of the business, ensuring that the business is being properly controlled to ensure plans succeed, and making decisions that will enable the business to survive and grow in the future. The management faces a broad array of decisions, including production, marketing, financial and other decisions. Having in mind that decision making is a fundamental part of management such decisions about the acquisition of equipment, mix of products, methods of production and pricing of products and services confront managers in all types of organizations. though The fundamental objective of planning is to assist management in deciding how to allocate an organization’s resources, while Control is a key feature of management accounting and follows on from planning, it can be exercised at a strategic and/or an operational level, while decision-making process.
Management accounting equips managers with information required to carry out these tasks. Management accounting is an important part of the economic information system, with a key role in decision making, whether we talk about small and medium enterprises or large companies. However, management accounting is superficially treated in most economic entities, The format and content of management accounts depend upon the specific requirements of management. Different businesses will have different information requirements and their individual management accounts will reflect this. As internal reports, management accounts will often contain business-sensitive information for a restricted audience and can focus on both financial information and non-financial information, such as critical success factors (measures of factors or aspects of an organization’s performance deemed to be critical, or essential, to its competitive advantage and thereby its success).
Early studies place management accounting in a service function with the scope to provide all levels of management with high-quality scorekeeping, attention-directing, and problem-solving information and also to provides management with data in order to establish policies, develop plans and control operations. (Simon et al.1954). Management accounting In a general sense, managerial accounting is an integral part of management that deals with identifying, presenting and interpreting information used for strategies, decision making, resource optimization, employee information, asset protection planning and control of activities, information of associates or other external information users. ( Briciu, and Căpuşneanu, 2011: 57-68).
Furthermore, there is a separate division within management accounting which captures cost accounting, cost analysis, cost control, and cost reduction. Singer (1961) and Brunsand McKinnon (1993) point out that management accounting captures collecting (financial) information which is useful. It should be noted that, in addition to principals of financial analysis, the application of management accounting in an organization captures good knowledge of the business the firm operates in, fluent communication skills and knowledge of (change) project management. Further analysis has clarified that the emergence of team-oriented management accounting roles (management accountants)nowadays needs to have hybrid skills from the traditional roles, this is because management accounting is becoming wider involved in integrated business situations, agendas and decision-making forums. It is against this issue, ideas, information that this study tends to analyze, explain, and assess the application of management accounting in organizational planning, control, and decision-making process.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The business world has changed totally. As a result, the role of the management accountant is very different now than it was years ago. In the past, management accountants’ operation is strictly staff capacity usually separated from the managers for whom they provided reports and information. Also from a broad perspective, Financial reporting is one of the significant objectives for an accountant, due to its major effect in highlighting and examining the financial information of a company.
The quality of reporting financial information is an international issue and the decision-making skills of the accountant plays a major role in reaching the overall company objectives, but most organization today lag behind when reporting financial activity of the company as a result of inadequate application of Management accounting skills and functions, this sometimes diminish the integrity and reputation of the organization.
In any organization where there is an effective and adequate management accounting technique, it provides vital information for internal reporting manager’s use in decision-making and formulation of the long term plan. Incorporations that derive much of their profits from the information economy, such as banks, publishing houses, telecommunications companies, and defense contractors, IT costs are a significant source of uncontrollable spending, which in size is often the greatest corporate cost after total compensation costs and property-related costs.
A function of management accounting in such organizations is to work closely with the IT department to provide IT cost transparency. Presumably, most of this function is not applied in most organizations, thereby leading to the inability of the manager to plan, control and make IT cost decisions. Although many agree about the important role of management accountants in organizations plan, control, and decision making, moreso certain studies show a certain lack of involvement by management accountants. Even though quantifiable information is important for planning and decision making, accountants are not engaged in it because of the absence of the appropriate techniques. “They are not perceived as having a positive contribution to decision-making unless the contribution is to legitimize decisions arrived at through a political process, whereas this poses serious challenges to the organization’s business activity.
Finally, the inability of some organizations to use management accounting techniques in their decision-making has resulted in the non-effective and efficient accomplishment of the firms or organizational goals. Therefore, the aim of this research work is to have a look at or show the information, management can derive from management accounting techniques, then usefulness or lack of it for decision making in the business organization.  
1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Thought it is undisputed facts that, Management accountants, are responsible for financial information in most companies, they have a certain role in the decision-making process. That role differs from company to another, depending on the skills and qualities a person has and earned over the years. The main objective of the study is to examine the application of Management Accounting on organizational planning, control, and decision making. The specific objectives are:
1.     Ascertain whether management accounting information is provided at the right time for planning and decision making.
2.     Identify whether the management accounting information system is computerized.
3.     Eliminate the constraint affecting the application of management accounting information on organization decision making.
4.     Identify the effect of poor management planning and decision making.
5.      Determine how effective the management accounting information system is in the company.
6.     Explain the differences between management accounting and other fields of Accounting.
1.4.    RESEARCH QUESTION:
For the purpose of the research study, the following research questions were asked:
1.  Our management accounting information provided at the right time for planning and decision making?
2.  Are there any constraints affecting the application of management accounting information on organization decision making?
3.  What are the effect of poor management planning and decision making?
4.  How effective are the management accounting information system is, in the company?
5.  Is the management accounting information system computerized?
6.  Are there any differences between management accounting and other fields of Accounting?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Management accounting has evolved over time and is influenced by the continually changing environment in which it has developed. This type of accounting is focused on internal use by management rather than external reporting. At this time, management accounting has appeared to have matured and the current principles provide the basis for management accounting of the future. All types of accounting share a common objective: to measure entity capital and its changes through use over time. The principal end products of management accounting are the forecast balance sheet and the forecast profit plan.
However, management must also consider historical reporting and must use the same concepts for planning and reporting to provide comparable results On this note, this research work when completed will be very useful to the followings: Business/ Organisations: To this group, the research work will provide them with the requisite knowledge of management accounting in making provision and interpretation of information required by management at all levels for formulating organizational policies, planning, and good decision making. The study will also be of importance to government corporation, companies, regulators and policymakers who are involved in regulating the accounting Standards and guidelines, it will also educate the general public and entrepreneurs on application of management accounting practices, types, it application, and benefits, It will also enable a better understanding of common management accounting techniques in relation to other fields of accounting.
This research would contribute to the existing literature by focusing on tax administration in Nigeria with a view to identifying the critical problems that are confronting the tax system so that appropriate measures could be taken to tackle them. This paper will contribute to the understanding of an accountants’ role in the formulation of company decisions. This research will reveal the most important factors that lead to an increasing accountant’s involvement in the managerial process of Nigerian companies. Finally, this study will be of great significance to schools and students, it will serve as a reference point for future researchers who will want to research more on the topic.
1.6. STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis is “speculation of the way the variables of study behaves” it is a guide method to be used in their analysis. The needs for such guides rise to the following hypothesis;
Hypothesis one
Ho: Management Accounting Information is not effectively and efficiently used in planning and decision making.
Hypothesis Two
1.   Ho: Management accounting information is not applied at the right time for planning and decision making in an organization?
1.7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
From the foregoing discussion, the research focuses on Management Accounting And Its Application To Organisational, Planning, Control And Decision Making Using  Nigeria Breweries Plc As Case Study.
1.8. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Limitations envisage in this research work are:
1.   The uncooperative attitude of the staff in the organization: this is a major limitation that increases the time spent in completing the research work.
2.   Monetary constraints: These factors serve as a deficiency for the research work, and as a result of low financial capability, it was not enough to give us desired results.
3.   Protocols of getting the top management of the firm for more information.
1.9.    DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Management Accounting:     This is the process of identifying measuring, analyzing, interpreting and communicating information in pursuit of an organizational goal.
2.  Management: This is the process by which business systems are administered. It is also a process of planning, controlling and decision-making in an organization.
3.  Company:   This refers to a legal entity that carries out business in its name.
4.  Controlling:  This is a process of ensuring that the organization operates in an intended manner and achieves its goal.
5.  Organization:  This refers to a recognized business entity of enterprise that carries out a business activity.
6.  Accountant:    An accountant is any person who possesses a professional license to practice accountancy from a recognized professional body and has legal capacity and authority to carry out the duties of accountants in taxation and audit practice.
7.  Strategic Planning: This establishes, for management, the shape and direction to be taken by the organization. This type of planning is normally ad-hoc and is driven by the recognition of a need for the revision/change of priorities. This normally results from seeing actual results achieved and / or projected outcomes under a variety of proposed strategies.
8.   Cost Accounting: The part of management accounting that is concerned with costs is often known as Cost Accounting, It is generally made up of the following five parts, input measurement basis, an inventory valuation method, cost accumulation method, a cost flow assumption and a capability of recording inventory cost flows at certain intervals.

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