IBOM CARGO SEAPORT TERMINAL IBAKA: A STUDY OF PASSENGER CIRCULATION AND SAFETY

ABSTRACT

AkwaIbom  State,  the  Land  of  Promise  and  Fulfillment  has  over  the  years  been confronted with the problem of rapid growing human and vehicular traffic congestion.

This problem is largely caused by the rate of migration of people into AkwaIbom State. Infact recent statistics has it that over 2000 people enter AkwaIbom on a daily basis. This figure  results   to  an  estimated   two  hundred   thousand   people  that   move   around AkwaIbommetropoly on a daily basis. This geometric increase in population of people in AkwaIbom State as against a rather static infrastructure (road network) development has resulted to a multiplicity of transportation problems in several parts of AkwaIbom State one of which is Mbo-Ibaka.

Mbo-Ibaka  with  estimated  population  of  over  one  million  is  not  just  affected  by transportation problem but also by poor transportation induced problems such as poverty

and  retarded  economic  development.  Fortunately,  Mbo-Ibaka  as well  as  majority  of

AkwaIbom  suburbs  is  blessed  with  one  viable  source  of  economic   develop

especially in the transportation sector water. This thesis therefore is intended to examine the present situation of water transportation  system in AkwaIbom  State  (with special focus on Mbo-Ibaka) as it relates terminals, and there after proffer architectural design solutions to the circulation, modern cargo handling and security problems associated with them. Chapter one is the introduction of the topic in a broad spectrum, Chapter two goes on to explain the theoretical framework of the proposed  scheme, with emphasis on its need and viability. Chapter three focuses on port terminal planning principles. Chapter four  focuses  on  Case  Studies,  Chapter  five  will  deal  on  Site  study  which  includes climatic and topographical analysis of the proposed site for the project will be treated in Chapter six, the design synthesis and concept will be treated.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0.0    Introduction

Transportation has remained one of the most vital factors that influence the development of a nation. The credibility of this statement has been proven over the centuries, that if one decides to take a critical look at earlier civilizations, from the time of early Egyptian civilization to the current civilized world, one will discover that many of the great feats achieved during these civilizations would have been impossible without one form of transportation or the other.

By way of definition;  transportation (or transport)  is the movement  of people, animals  and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include water, rail, road,  air,  cable, pipeline  and  space.  The  field  can  be divided  into  infrastructure,  vehicles  and  operations. Transportation is important since it enables trade between people, which in turn establishes civilizations.

Transport infrastructure  consists of the fixed installations  necessary for transport,  including roads,  railways,  airways,  waterways,  canals  and  pipelines  and  terminals  such  as seaports, railway  stations,  bus  stations,  warehouses,  trucking  terminals,  refuelling  depots  (including fuelling docks and fuel stations) and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

Vehicles travelling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, boats and vassels. Operations  deal with the way the vehicles are  operated, and the procedures  set for this purpose including financing,  legalities and  policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and mode.

– Transportation can be broadly classified under three broad groups thus:

–  Land transportation;

– Water transportation; and air transportation.

Land transportation is the most common and dates back to the beginning of civilization. Land transportation  can take various forms, which are dependent  on the sophistication,  stage of civilization and development, and on the technical stratum of the society in question. It can be by the  use of animals  (camels,  mules,  horses,  dogs,  etc.) or by use  of machines  such as wheelbarrows, carts, cars etc.

Similarly,  water  transportation  dates  back  a  long  time  as  humanity  can  recall.   Water transportation,  as  land  transportation,  has  also  been  developed  in  complexity,  technical superiority, and usage.

Water transportation has its origin in the 16th century. The superiority of water transport over the rest can be attributed the reason behind its progressive growth and preference as the safest modern mode of transportation.

1.0.1    Background of the Study

Transportation is a precondition for spatial interaction and a central dimension of the national and global production systems that are reshaping the world. Transport industries through nodal development provide for the movement of people and goods and provision of services. Global economic  integration  relies  mainly  upon  efficient  maritime  transport  due  to  its unparallel physical capacity and ability to carry freight over long distances and at low costs. Overtime, themaritime industry has substantially changed from an industry that was always international in its character to a truly global entity with routes that spans across hemispheres, transporting raw materials,  spare and finished  goods.  Maritime transportation  plays a major role in the

national and international trade and economic growth. The seaborne trade represents >90% of the international trade in the world.

A seaport is defined as a terminal and an area within which ships are loaded and/or unloaded with cargo and includes  the usual places where ships wait for their turn or  are  ordered or obliged to wait for their turn no matter the distance from that area. Seaports in relation to trade are major gateways to the economy of a country. They represent a  complex structure in a country’s  transportation  system  providing  ship  harbour  interface  services  such as pilotage, dredging, provision of berths, maintenance of navigational channels, etc., ship-port interface in terms of loading and unloading cargoes and port-land interface in delivering cargo to and from the hinterland. In general seaports have five principal roles (Branch, 1986):

•          Cargoes and passengers handling

•          Providing services for ships such as bunkering and repair

•          Shelter for ships in case of heavy sea and storm conditions

•          Bases for industrial development

•          Terminals forming part of a transport chain

Seaports   are  complex   dynamic   systems   consisting   of  numerous   interacting   elements, influenced by random factors. Hence, full utilization of the available resources and efficient management of operations has two major goals. Under these two goals, many objectives will be achieved such as increasing the port cargo throughput and utilization of resources (berths, cranes,  quay,  yards,  etc., reducing  handling  time,  minimizing  port congestion,  minimizing disruptions, demurrage and operating costs (Tu-Chang, 1992).

Today in any context and in any country, it is essential that ports provide efficient, adequate and competitive services. If they fail, ship-owners who find them too costly or too slow will go elsewhere. Hence if ports do not provide cost-effective services, imports will cost more for

consumers and exports will not be competitive on world markets, national revenue will decline as well the standard of living of all people. Nigeria has a total of eleven ports and eight oil terminals organised in three zones of Western, Central and Eastern zones.  The central zone with its headquarters in Warri and the Eastern zone with its headquarters in Port Harcourt are predominantly oil terminals,  although Warri, Sapele, Koko, Port  Harcourt, Calabar and the Federal Government own terminals are important general cargoes.

Several studies (Ogundana, 1970; Ogunsanya, 1986) revealed that the ports were developed in response  to  increased  port  traffic,  political  factors  and  international  development  in  the maritime industry.

The seaports are very important to the Nigeria’s trade as practically all imports and  exports move  through  the  ports.  The  importance  of  the  seaports  is  attested  to  by  the  fact  that approximately,  99% by volume of Nigeria total imports and exports are sea-borne. Nigerian ports  control  60%  of  imports  in  West  and  Central  Africa.  The   seaports  provide  an overwhelming  economic advantage  over all other modes of  transport  considering  the huge tonnage   of  goods   it  can  carry  over   long   distances.   The   ports   have   contributed   to regionaleconomic   integration  in  the  West  African   sub-region  and  have  served   as  the majordeterminant of how economic activities are distributed. The maritime industry is a major long term determinant of national growth and development.

Source: NPA service charter (2001).

Furthermore, the seaports have encouraged the development of other modes of transport. For example,  the  railway  lines  were  constructed   to  link  the  ports  with  areas  of  resource exploitation and densely populated  settlements. Development  of the maritime  industry have made possible the growth of a large scale complementary transport infrastructure which has fostered the emergence of a matrix of coordinated transport system for intra-city movement apart from the prospect  of international.  Nigerian  ports  provide  employment  opportunities

directly and indirectly. Several people are engaged in various port activities such as clearing and  forwarding,  dock  work,  haulage,  stevedoring  operations,  warehousing  and  maritime insurance.The  seaports due to their strategic location foster industrial  growth. Industries are located close to seaports in order to reduce the cost of transportation. Over 70% of Nigerian industries are located close to the seaports. The Lagos region alone accounts for 40% of the industries in Nigeria.

Source : NPA service charter ( 2001)

In light of the growing importance  of the seaports  to the economy of Nigeria,  this  study examines  Modern  CargoHandling,  Circulation,  and  Security  trends  in  Nigerian  seaports Terminal Buildings, highlighting some operational characteristics, port competition and factors affecting the performance of the ports.Seaports are transportation centres where are imported and exported business transferred on to and off shipping lines.  Seaport is defined as the end of a  carrier  line  such  as  a  shipping  line,  trucking,  with  accompanying  dockyard  facilities, management office, and Ward Houses storage shades freights and stations (Gove, 1976).

It  goes  further  to  defined  it  differently  as  a freight  or  Cargo  station  that  is central  to  a considerable area or serves a junction as any point with other lines, and as a town or city at the end of a carrier line.

Seaport therefore, can be defined as a place where big water-bound Cargo vessels and freight are  travelling  or  carried  by Ship  across  a  body of  water  and  which  dockyard  and  other auxiliary facilities.   Because transportation is the engine room of the growth of the nation’s economy, it was the objective of the National Transportation policy to  remove any obstacle that can retard its growth.

Taking proposed Ibom Seaport, in Ibaka, Mbo Local Government Area of AkwaIbom State in

Nigeria,  this  research   is  aimed   at  providing  a  functional  seaport  that  will  take   into

consideration modern Cargo handling, circulation and security in terminal building utilisation, both within and outside the facility.

Modern  Cargo  handling;  Development  in  global  transport  system  is  dynamic.  Transport scenario is seen as a picture to future trend in transport within the pre-specified framework of movement  of goods and persons.   There are three basic variables  identified  by scholars to evaluate sea transportation based on globalisation of production and consumption importance of ports and concentration of trade with in a region.

  The distance variable is considered in terms of major or minor increase in  average distance which can be measured through the cost of transport.

   Technological   development   is   the   innovation   and   improvement   in   transport technicalities,  planning  and  management  such  as  cargo  handling,  information  and technology.

   Modal split is the growth of inter-modal transport such as the trend of traffic recorded for road, rail, air and shipping.   All these variables change from time to time and in space.   Countries all over the world strive to meet this changing trend by investing significantly in the provision of transport infrastructures to accommodate inter modal operation (Barry et. al., 2002).

Transportation requires an integrated system to form a seamless transportation outfit in this age of globalisation.  This is achievable only with an efficient and effective multi modal transport operation which in itself is a coordinated  system of transport that offers connectivity to all modes of transport.  In freight movement, connectivity of modes requires effective methods of handling that is compatible with all modes and this is offered by cargo handling method.

Circulation and Security  patterns are important organizing elements of a port, reflecting both simple  functional  needs  and  more  complex  value  structures.    The  system  or  pattern  of

circulation  established  within and outside  the terminal  plays an important  role  in  shaping people’s understanding and use of the port terminal building.

Circulation patterns in any port should not lack simplicity and clarity.   There is therefore an urgent need to improve the flow of pedestrian and vehicular traffic, and to locate  material handling facilities and parking appropriately.  Addressing these circulation and security issues through  comprehensive  planning  and  design,  will  enhance  the  use  of  the  port  terminal building.

For an effective circulation and security in a port, certain key parameters have to be considered such as vehicular and pedestrian circulation.

Vehicular Circulationand  Security:

There are three to four separate classes of vehicular circulation in a Terminal Building.  These relate to parking access, service and delivery access, and circulation by maintenance staff.  A fourth category is emergency vehicle assess.  All these will be taken into consideration during the design to accommodate all of these movements safely and with minimal conflict with those on foot.  Another step is to make vehicular circulation and parking safe and convenient.

Pedestrian Circulation and Security:

Planning for the pedestrian can be a very complex undertaking, but it is an essential function both within and outside the port terminal.  Terminalbuildings which have a well-planned and functional pedestrian network are typically more liveable and convenient for pedestrians.   A well-planned circulation system can also provide a port with safe areas for individuals to walk and bike.   Such a system can, furthermore,  promote a healthy interaction between different types of land uses, build a more complete sense of neighbourhood, and provide for a greater appreciation of the natural beauty of the area.

Generally,  access and circulation  are critical to the success of a terminal at large.   In  this research, circulation patterns and access points are established with the intent of:  minimizing impacts on the surrounding facility.  And this would be done by providing clear, safe vehicular movement;  directing traffic into the port terminal area and to  appropriate parking location; accommodating  appropriate  quantities  of  parking  at  or  near  destinations;  and  allowing convenient access for emergency, service, and delivery vehicles.

1.0.2    Statement of Architectural Problem

A  functional   seaport  passenger   terminal   is  meant  to  ease  the  stress  encountered   by seapassengers  during the process of water travel. Therefore the architectural problem  of the project is how best to provide a functional ultra-modern port terminal cargo handling facilities

The statement of Architectural problem is: using of Architecture to create port mega spaces that respond to the natural context, multi-ferrous human needs and national pride.

1.0.3    Aim of study

The primary aim/goals of the design are as follows:

To provide/design  a suitable ultra-modern  cargo handling  facilities  and passenger  terminal complex in the Ibomcargo seaport which would portray a good image of AkwaIbom State and Nigeria to theworld  maritime industries.

To provide a port terminal complex as well as other auxiliary facilities with the necessary tools for the smooth running of the proposed seaport activities as well as upgrade the economic facet of Ibaka city.

To  ensure  that  these  facilities  will  streamline  the  productivity  in  the  seaport   without interruption or interference from each other or any source

To provide  a design  that  will adequately  contain  all the  kinds  of functions  and  activities associated with water travel to be carried out in the seaport which will be expanded for this purpose.

1.0.4Objective of study

The principal objective of this project is to provide Ibom seaport with  ultra-modern, befitting and functional cargo handling facilities in this seaport terminal complex which will be fully utilized with up to date internationally acceptable facilities and practice.

In appreciation of the particular demands of the project, I opt;

–  To  situate  the  structure  in  an environment  and  can  be  easily accessible  to  staff,  water travellers, as well as visitors;

– To minimize costs by putting construction techniques, and employing materials within the level of technology that is commensurate with our national aspiration.

– To ensure flexibility and adaptability for future changes in use of facilities or space;

– To ensure efficient security within and around the facility premises;

–  To  ensure  the  terminal  building,  the  parking  lots  and  other  auxilliary  facilities  are strategically placed for easy accessibility from one to the others.

1.0.5 Motivation

The Federal Government  of Nigeria  through House of Representative  has, in recent  times, moved a motion for the rebranding of the Maritime Industry by establishing new seaport and to upgrade existing facilities within seaports owned by the Federal Government as well as check

the activities of privateparastatals within the maritime Industry. Previously, the seaports in the Federation have been either dilapidated or grounded that no maritime activities take place in such seaports. It is to this end that the Federal Government has moved to build  or renovate

existing terminal facilities in the seaports within the federation listed below:

PORT	LOCATION	MAXIMUM DEPTH	QUAY LENGTH
		OF BERTH	( METRES)
APAPA PORT	LAGOS	9.0	2459
TIN CAN ISLAND PORT	LAGOS	11.5	2049
RORO PORT	LAGOS	11.5	705
CONTAINER TERMINAL	LAGOS	10.5	1005
PORT HARCOURT  PORT	P.H.	7.8	1877
DELTA PORTS	WARRI	11.5	2506
CALABAR PORT	CALABAR	11.0	1137
FED. LIGHTER TERMINAL	ONNE	5.7	11.85

Source: NPA service charter ( 2001)

1.0.6 Significance of Study

The significance  of this research seeks to reveal some spatial problems associated  with  the design  of  public  spaces  and  integration  of  functions  in  terminal  buildings  in  the  built environment as these do not allow for effective functioning of spaces in the building and its related activities.

This project will broaden the understanding of the following:-

        Specifically, to study it will be a resourceful material for further research in this area of work.

 And also an earnest contribution to the existing body of knowledge of circulation and security  functional  systems  of  planning,  layouts  strategies,  integration  and  organisational cultures of any building type.Additionally the ideas of port illustrate how building form and the design space can work hand in hand in creating a conducive environment that can promote learning process and transfer of acquired knowledge in various field of study within the port.

1.0.7 Definition of Terms / key Concepts

(i.) The Terminal Building:The structure located on the landside of the seaport which is the interface between the seafield and the rest of the seaport. It include those facilities  that are required for passenger handling, maintenance, and seaport administration.

(ii.) Amenities:That  part of a terminal building housing convenience, service, and  diversion facilities for the passengers, tenants, and public.

(iii.) Average Peak Hour:The peak hour of the average peak day. The peak hour is the one hour  period  of  any peak  day during  which  the  highest  percentage  of the  day‟s  traffic  is experienced. The average peak day is the average of the top 37 days (10 percent) of a year in terms of traffic volume.

(iv.)  Baggage  Diverted:A  mechanical  device  for  transferring  baggage  from  a   moving conveyor belt to a baggage claim counter in such manner that the baggage is evenly distributed along the baggage counter.

1.0.8 Scope and Limitation of Study

This scope of this thesis is restricted to the passenger terminal building within the seaport and NOT the entire seaport as a whole. This is to say that the work involves the only the landside of  the  seaport  (and  not  the  seaside)  which  includes  the  terminal  building  and  auxiliary (supporting) facilities within the landside premises. These are briefly listed below:

– Exterior elements: Terminal building; Well-defined  road network; Parking lots;  Signs;Fire station; Motel;- Terminal building: Entrance hall; Departure lounge; Arrivals lounge; Customs and  Immigration;  Baggage  reclaim  hall;  Outbound  baggage  hall;  Shops  and  snack  bars; Conveniences; Supporting office spaces.

1.0.9 Research Methodology

The research method used in this thesis report was case studies and descriptive research.

The required information for proper planning and design of a   passenger terminal that  will raise  the  quality  and  standard  of  the  Ibomseaport  will  be  obtained  through  primary  and secondary  data;  direct  interviews  with personnel  or representatives  of  existing  seaports  in Nigeria which basically are NPA officials, porters on the seaport grounds and locals residing around the seaport vicinity, case studies, library research, and internet surfing. The emerging ideas and opinions or results are manually organized. On site physical survey will reveal the statistical data inherent of the site venue and will be gainfully utilized.

–  Primary Sources

These include visits, interviews, photographs and collection physical conditions.

– Secondary Sources

Collection of data from books, journals, magazines,  encyclopedias,  etc. it also includes  the study of existing buildings of this type, both foreign and local.

1.1.0 Relevance of Study

This research will help to contribute and extend the frontiers of knowledge in the  academic development of Maritime Architecture. It also exposes all aspects of professional details and necessary techniques of scientific investigation in this field In other words, this guide provides the basic criteria to organize, evaluate, plan, programme and design seaport terminal facilities.

The  information  presented  is  intended  to  make  researchers  aware  of  important  design considerations and to aid t

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