ABSTRACT
Child deprivation and how it can be reduced is a trending issue both at the global and national level especially in this 21st century. Despite the numerous policy and strategies put in place by the different tiers of government in Nigeria since independent in other to reduce Child deprivation in the country, deprivation is still persisting and has become a complex phenomenon that covers many dimensions of human and social behavior. It has widely been accepted that deprivation is a major cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, the conceptualization and measurement of deprivation continues to be challenging due to its multi-dimensional nature. Although, literatures are available on child deprivation but, many are outside issues that does not focus on deprivation- environmental degradation nexus across the spatial units of Bida Town, which this research seek to address, by measuring child deprivation through mapping and adopting multi-dimensional approach in analyzing the extent and contribution of child deprivation in the 12 neighborhoods in the regional headquarters of Nupe Kingdom. The sample size of 213 households was derived at 95% confidence level using sample size formula. Household data sets were generated through targeted physical and socio-economic surveys and the selection of households was achieved through multistage sampling which involves cluster and simple random technique. KOBO Collect toolkit was used for a total of 213 respondents, and the data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and multi-dimensional poverty measurement metric. The study revealed that multidimensional child deprivation headcount in Bida is 8.3%, while 72.4% only experienced child deprivation from a uni-dimension. The study recorded an aggregate multidimensional deprivation index of 0.62 and an intensity of 0.81. Also, the study reveals nutritional Z-Score of 1.5 for the children. Field finding was able to reveal peculiar and divergent cases of child deprivation which cut across Education, Assets, Health, and Living conditions. As there are high variations ranging from High deprivation to very low, and from Ultra deprived to Non-deprived across neighborhoods, local and child specific as against national or regional anti-poverty Intervention programmes should be considered as veritable options for the fight against this national problem.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Housing can be said to be more than a mare shelter as it is attached to so many issues, such as adequacy, livability and affordability. Housing can be seen as a product and process (Jinadu, 2007). As a process it is a way and means by which housing goods and services are produced through the interactive construction process of land acquisition, housing finance mobilization, materials assemblage and actual construction. Housing as a product represents a commodity traded in the housing market. It is a product of investment and a means of income generation (Jinadu, 2007).
Housing is an integral element of a nation‟s economy. Its backward and forward linkages with other parts of the economy closely bond people‟s needs, demands and social processes with the supply of land, infrastructure, building materials, technology, labour, and housing finance. These linkages allow housing to act as an important engine for sustainable development and poverty reduction in both society and the economy (UN Habitat 2010).
Housing plays an important role in countries‟ economies, and the housing sector represents a notable ratio in total economic activity of most countries (Sheibani & Havard, 2005).Housing as man basic need cannot be overemphasized, and as such it represents one of the most basic needs of every individual, having a profound impact on health, welfare, social attitudes and economic productivity (Anofojie et al., 2013). However affordability and homeownership are important factors of urban livability (Elia et al., 2017). Thus it can be said that the affordability and house ownership contributed to the neatness and living condition of any neighbourhood, as it plays a major factor that cannot be over looked.
One of the fundamental rights of an individual is the right to housing just like the right to life and right to freedom. When there is a deficiency in housing, it can impact negatively on the health, welfare and productivity of man. Housing is an indispensable necessity without which man‟s survival is impossible (Aderanmo & Ayobolu, 2010). In the world today, about 1.2 billion people live in substandard housing, while it is estimated that about 3 billion new houses will be required to cater for the population (Worldbank, 2016). The United Nations estimated that about 200 million people in the Sub-Saharan countries would live in a slum by 2020 (UN-Habitat, 2014). This has shown that the right to housing has eluded many people especially in the developing countries of the world and Nigeria is not an exception.
In Nigeria, 100,000 housing units are developed per year, as against an average of 1,000,000 units required per year to bridge the gap of 20, 000,000 million housing deficit by government target of 2033 (Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa (CAFH), 2019). The problem of housing deficit in Nigeria is not peculiar to any zone or state, although the figures vary from state to state. Ilorin is one of the fastest growing state capital in the north central zone of Nigeria with the problem of housing deficit, a situation that is occasioned by the population growth and rural-urban migration (Bako et al., 2017). Bridging the gap of housing deficit in Ilorin has attracted investment from both the private and public housing developers; a situation that is evident from the number of housing estates developed by the private and public developers.
In a bid to provide affordable and livable housing for the people of Ilorin, effort from both the public and private developers has led to the development of notable housing estate like the Golf estate, Harmony estate, Royale valley estate, among others. However, questions on the affordability and livability of the housing estates remain unanswered. The performance of both the public and private housing developers on the provision of affordable and livable houses in Ilorin remain a big question to be answered in the lights of all the housing units developed within the last decade. Therefore, this study is an attempt to comparatively analyze the affordability and livability of houses developed by both the public and private housing estate developers in Ilorin.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
As a result of the high demand for housing which is occasioned by rapid population growth and rural urban migration, there is a high proliferation of housing development by both the public and private housing developers across the country as a response to housing demand. In an attempt to reduce the housing deficit through the development of houses through different scheme and programmes, the houses developed are not only quantitatively inadequate but also qualitatively defective (Abdulaqadir & István, 2017). Similarly, in an attempt to make housing affordable for the low income earners, most developers forego the provision of basic services such as water, waste management, road among others, which are essential ingredient of a livable environment.
Ilorin, Nigeria is one of the fast growing towns, and according to NPC (2006), it is the
6th most populated town in Nigeria. The rapid population growth in Ilorin has been attributed to its designation as a state capital and its proximity to Lagos and Ibadan. The demand for housing in Ilorin is generating attention from both the public and private
housing developers. However, this development are either not affordable for the target population (low income earners) or they lack the basic ingredient of a livable environment. The numerous scholarly articles that has been published on the subject matter (Bako et al., 2017; Suhaida et al., 2011 and Copenhagen 2013).
Monthly rent or mortgage payments constitute the single biggest expenditure in most family budgets, and many low-income families have difficulty finding housing they can reasonably afford (Turner & Kingsley, 2008). In Ilorin town, it was noted that there is about 600% increment in the rental value of two bedroom apartment between 2003-2012 the trend is also noticeable in the price of other residential properties like
3bedroom and 4bedroom apartment (Ibrahim et al., 2014). This is an indication of the constant increase in rent and property value in the face of a nearly static minimum wage within the same period. Furthermore, going by the 4-6 million average value of a
2bedroom apartment as presented by Propertypro (2019), it implies that a family living on a national minimum wage of 18000 may have to save for about 62-92 years before they can be able to afford a house. For housing to exude signs and impacts of livability and wellness, it must be adequately provided with functional infrastructure. However studies have shown that houses developed by public and private developers have some deficit of facilities and amenities which are components of a good livable environment (Ibem & Aduwo, 2013).
Housing is not just having a roof over one‟s head; it is the totality of the structure and other services that makes the houses livable including water, energy, security and other component of the immediate environment. Therefore, extra expenses incurred by households on basic services such as water may increase the cost of housing and hence affect the affordability of the household.For a standard livability studies to be carried
out, Home environment which includes waste disposal management among others, neighborhood amenities, economic vitality, social environment and civic protection needs to be examined (Ahmed, 2000).
Rama et al. (2013) carried out a study in India where they sees livability as the living condition of a place and reflects people‟s perception of the place to be fit for living or not, it can be said that their study was not based on housing estates which is the major concern of this study.
Extant literature review has shown that much has not been written about the affordability and livability of housing estate developed by both the public and private housing developers, especially in Ilorin. The affordability and livability studies conducted were mostly done in isolation and with less emphasis on the performance of public and private housing estates. Therefore, the study seeks to fill this gap through a comparative assessment of housing affordability and livability in public and private estate in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to examine the affordability and livability of public and private housing estates in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria with a view to determine their relationships.
The aim of the study will be achieved through the following objectives.
i. Examine the housing types and conditions within the selected estates in the study area
ii. Determine the affordability level of the houses within the selected public and private estates.
iii. Examine the livability of the houses within the selected estates using level of infrastructure provision as indices.
iv. Determine the relationship or correlation in the level of housing affordability and livability among the selected public and private housing estates in Ilorin.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the types and the condition of housing units in these selected housing estates?
2. How affordable are these houses within the selected housing estates?
3. Are the houses livable within the estates?
4. What is the variation in the affordability and livability of the selected public and private estates?
1.5 Study Hypothesis
Two research hypotheses were developed for the study. The research hypothesis is stated thus:
Ho: There is no statistically significant difference in the affordability of housing estate developed by the public and private Developers
Hi: There is a statistically significant difference in the affordability of housing estate developed by the public and private Developers
Ho: There is no statistically significant difference in the livability of housing estate developed by the public and private Developers
Hi: There is a statistically significant difference in the livability of housing estate developed by the public and private Developers.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The housing estates selected for the study are Mandate Estate I and II of Olorunsogo Area, and Harmony Estate phase III of Akerebiata Area along Sobi Road are both public estates while Royal Valley Along Kunlende Area in Ilorin Kwara State and Evergreen Estates situated in the new GRA, along pipeline road of Tanke, Ilorin, Kwara State are both Private Estates. The names of the existing housing estates and date of construction is presented in Table 1.1.
The study also analyse the pattern of housing development in the estate with focus on the type, design, and condition of the housing units. The study also determine the affordability of the housing units developed using house price to income / earning ratio, housing expenditure to income ratio, residual income left for housing as an indicators of housing affordability. The livability of the housing were determined using seven indicators which are housing accessibility, health, neighbourhood quality, energy efficiency, economic/ educational opportunity, Transport cost/road network, and equal right.
Finally the performance of the public and private developers will be determined on the affordability and livability
1.7 Justification for the Study
The issue of building sustainable cities and communities have been on the front burner of many academic and policy debate in recent time. Hence it can be said that affordable and livable environment has a great impact on the wellbeing of people living in the neighbourhood. Due to the importance attached to the development of affordable and liveable housing, many scholars have directed their researches towards the direction of housing affordability and livability.
Abimaje et al. (2014) conducted a study on housing affordability in Idah, Nigeria. The study measured housing affordability of household using income as the indicator for assessment. The study did not consider expenses on basic services such as water and waste management.
This work has been considered to be of benefits to the people of Ilorin in such a way that it will serve as an instrument for formulating policies. The formulated policies will aid the provision of houses for all levels of income earners in Ilorin. It is expected that it will also guide the developers of housing estates, both the public and the private developers in the aspects of provision of affordable housing and a livable environment. The study was also considered to promote the frontal of knowledge in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
The study was considered to improve the livable housing pre-condition for the people of Ilorin in other to achieve a healthy living. It will also estimate the social cost and also save investment of home ownership in housing delivery within Ilorin. It is expected that this study will provide relevant information on the affordability and liveability level of various housing estate. The performance of both the private and public housing developers in the provision of affordable and livable housing estate will also be
documented. This study is also expected to provide requisite information on the drivers of housing affordability and livability in the private and public housing estate.
1.8 The Study Area
1.8.1 Location of the study area
Ilorin is the capital of Kwara state and it is located within the north central region of Nigeria (see figure 1.1). Ilorin town lies within longitude 4o 28‟ 44” to 4o 37‟ 44” and latitude 8o 25‟ 48” to 8o 32‟ 48”. Ilorin town comprises of three local government areas (LGA) of Ilorin south, Ilorin east, and Ilorin west (see figure 1.2). According to projected population of 2019 by National Population Census (NPC), Ilorin south has a population of 208691, 204310 for Ilorin east, and 364666 for Ilorin West. The population of the three LGAs in Ilorin town is 777,667, making it the 6th largest city by population in Nigeria. Ilorin has different housing estate among which four housing estates were selected for this study, however the four housing estates that were selected are shown in Figure 1.3.
Ilorin was founded by one Ojo-Isekuse (1600-1700AD) an itinerant hunter. The name “Ilorin” was derived from Ojo-Isekuse‟s compound (now Okelele area of Ilorin). It was on the stone that Ojo-Isekuseused to sharpen his hunting implements like cutlass and arrow hence “Lorin” meaning, “shaping of iron”. Ilorin is essentially a Yoruba city peopled by many ethnic groups such as Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba, Nupe, Kanuri, Bariba, etc. They all merged together and made the city a unique cultural point. At the same time they are all proud of their unique Ilorin identity. The ruler of the city and its environs (the Ilorin Emirate) is of Fulani origin although the Royal House had been colonized by the Yoruba thoroughly (Ibrahim, 2013).
Figure 1.1: Kwara State in Nigeria
Source: Niger State Ministry of Land and Housing, 2018
Figure 1.2: Ilorin in Kwara State
(Source: Kwara State Ministry of Land and Housing, 2018)
Figure 1.3: Selected housing estate in Ilorin
(Source: Kwara State Town planning development Authority, (2019)
1.8.2 Housing in the study area
Ilorin is one of the major cities in Nigeria today and its growing strength in both socio- economic affiliations is admirable. However, it is shifting gradually from local mud houses which are old pattern of housing structure, and then giving room for new modern housing types and designs.
1.8.3 Weather and climate
The climate of Ilorin is characterized by both wet and dry seasons. The rainy season begins towards the end of April and last till October while the dry season begins in November and ends in April. The temperature of Ilorin ranges from 33oC to 35oc from November to January while from February to April; the value ranges between 34oC to 37oC. Days are very hot during the dry season. The diurnal range of temperature and the mean monthly temperatures are characteristically high in the area. The total annual rainfall in the area ranges from 990.3mm to 1318mm. Rainfall in Ilorin city exhibits the double maximal pattern and greater variability both temporarily and spatially. The relative humidity at Ilorin city ranges from 75% to 88% from May to October, while in the dry season it ranges from 35% to 80%. The geology of Ilorin consists of Precambrian basement complex rock. The soils of Ilorin are made up of loamy soil with medium to low fertility. Because of the high seasonal rainfall coupled with the high temperature, there is tendency for lateritic soil to constitute the major soil types in Ilorin due to the leaching of minerals nutrients of the soil (Ajibade & Ojelola 2004).
1.8.4 Location and characteristics of the selected estate
Harmony Estate phase III was build in 2014, by the Kwara State government it is located along Sobi barracks road Ilorin , it has two bedroom apartment as well as three bedroom bungalow. The adjoining land uses to the estate are majorly residential land
uses. Mandate housing estate phase 1 was build in 2006 by the kwara state government, it is located along New Yidi road in Olorunsogo area, it has two bedroom apartment as well as three bedroom bungalow, the estate is directly opposite the new yidi prayer ground of Ilorin township, Yidi praying ground is the major landuse that is close to the estate.
Royal Valley estate was build in 2016 by the private individual, it is located along KunlendeArea, it is along Kunlende – Shao road, the adjoining land use to the estate are residential land use, although it is not far from National Open University of Nigeria, Ilorin centre. The estate has both two bedroom single detached bungalow and three bedroom as well. Evergreen housing estate was build in the year 2015, although the construction is still ongoing as the developer has not complete the target number of the proposed housing units as at January 2019. It is located in the new GRA along pipeline road of Tanke area of Ilorin. The estate comprises of two bedroom semi-detached bungalow and three bedroom bungalow.
1.8.5 Economic characteristics of Ilorin residents
The inhabitants of Ilorin metropolis are industrious and entre pricing in nature. Current commercial could be classified as large scale, medium scale and small-scale types.
This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION OF CHILD DEPRIVATION ACROSS NEIGHBORHOODS
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