EXTENT OF USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF ACCOUNTING IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Abstract

Instructional materials this study was undertaken to ascertain the extent of use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Accounting education in Enugu North Local Government Area in Enugu State. Three research questions and one hypothesis were used as guide. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. it was carried out in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State. The population of the study was all the junior secondary school students and teachers in the field of Accounting education. Out of 14 secondary schools in Enugu North Local Government Area, 6 schools were randomly selected, picking 30 students and 4 teachers from each school which gave us a total of 180 students and 20 teachers. structured questionnaire was used for collection of data which was constructed in accordance with the research questions. The data collected were analyzed using simple percentage and chi-square statistics.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study

In teaching, it is highly desirable to know exactly what one aims to achieve as it is in all great undertaking. Instructional materials according to Wiki (1998), are kind of tools or equipment that can help the instructor effectively in theory teaching classroom or in practical assessment. They are also materials that aid in the transference of information from one to another. Also Ilori (2000) pin-pointed that instructional material are aids the teacher uses to arouse the interest of the learner there by enabling the learner to gain direct experience. Instructional materials are assumed to have being in place right from the primary school level but if not properly utilized, enhancement of learning is thwarted. The neglect of the use of instructional materials by teachers pose negative effect in the process of teaching and learning of Accounting education. Merrrel (1993) (p.37) pointed out that at present, schools are continually faced with financial problem and this could increase the likelihood that teachers will make more use of free or cheap teaching materials to supplement their own ageing resources. It is therefore important that teachers remain vigilant and exercise sound judgment on approaching what is available to help them teach and their pupils to learn.

The extent to which instructional materials are made available also determines the extent to which they are being utilized in teaching and learning of Accounting education. Onwuka (1981) indicated that instructional materials help the teacher to convey the intended message effectively and meaningfully to the learners so that the learner receive, understand, retain and apply the experience gained to reach an educational goal.
Instructional materials are some of the most important devices which both teachers and learners can use to enhance the quality of instruction. They are good sources of acquiring factual information and help to make learning permanent. Man is naturally endowed with five senses: smell, touch, sight, hearing and taste. learning or change in behavior is through these senses. In effect, these senses should come into play for effective learning. In the classroom the teacher therefore, must sensitize the sense of the learner through the use of instructional materials The various topics in junior secondary schools in Accounting education demand the use of instructional materials by the teacher from the preparation and delivery of their lessons to student. Instructional materials include all terms of information carriers that can be used to promote and encourage effective teaching and learning activities. They could be in form of text book, reference books, journals, posters, chart, programmed text, non-print materials, such as films, tapes, models, picture ,recorders etc. furthermore instructional materials are anything the teacher turns for help in his goal-seeking activities. The help may be in form of information, idea, formulae, generalization or experiences (Saylor and Alexander (1966).instructional materials. According to Okoro (2005), the assessment and evaluation of instructional materials are usually carried out in two ways: through the recommendation by teachers and through standards prescribed by government, examination bodies etc. Teachers know when instructional materials required for their courses are adequate or inadequate. They know the extent of the deficiency and could say what must be provided if their teaching is to be effectively carried out. The government and examination bodies may also recommend certain levels of instructional materials for effective teaching of various courses. Such prescribed standards can be the basis for assessment. Where the standard is not available the teachers and the principal can give reliable information on the availability and utilization of the materials. However, the teachers information as per the utilization and availability of the materials may be more reliable because they are directly involved in the utilization of the materials, therefore assessment is any bases of measurement against a standard. Business education teachers should be involved in the generation of instructional materials available and utilized. Business education teachers comprises of teachers and instructors that are teaching in secondary schools Njoku (2004) states that a business education teachers is a person who holds a degree in business education from a recognized University or an NCE (Nigerian 5 Certificate of Education). The author further stated that holders of NCE from the recognized colleges of education in business education are competent to teach business subject programme. In the same vein, Osuala (2009) viewed business education teacher as a person who has undergone a 4- year programme in a reputable university or 3- year programme through NCE and has been certified as competent for the award of Bachelor s degree/NCE in business education after meeting the requirements of the institution and the department (Njoku, 2008). The author added that any person who has obtained a degree or a professional certification in areas such as accountancy, marketing and office technology and management and also obtained a post-graduate certificate in educational foundations and pedagogy clearly qualified as a business education teacher. Business education teachers play important role in the teaching and learning of business education subject as they are professionally equipped to impart manipulation skills to the learners for employment. It is therefore important that the business teacher should be conversant with different instructional materials and strategies. The variety of instructional materials and strategies available for utilization by business teachers indicate that business teachers have preference for certain materials over other in teaching and learning processes. Teaching is the process where an expert, a more experienced person with more knowledge and skill assists a less experience or knowledgeable individual to gain knowledge and experience, Onwuka (2005) viewed teaching as a process of making impression on passive students, hammering in the facts. The preoccupation of teachers involved in this method is to hand over to the students whatever the teachers themselves received from others. This conception of teaching was based on the misconception that the students heads were empty and blank. The teacher s role then was to fill the empty heads with facts irrespective of whether they are relevant, understood by the students. It is an attempt to bring about desirable 6 changes in the learner s behavior and it reflects the expected behaviour needed in improving on the learner and the society where he lives. For the fact that business education subject are more of practical than theoretical, they should be taught practically. The Comparative Education Study and Adaptation Centre, CESAC (2009) committee on business subjects gave a very serious consideration to the use of materials and equipment for teaching and learning of the subjects. Some of the equipment and materials that CESAC considered as basic for enhancing teaching and learning of business subjects include: typewriters, stapling machines, alarm-clock, perforators, stopwatches, tape recorders, file jackets, ruled chalk board and others. The use of these materials in instructional delivery will improve students learning and achievement.

Tremendous changes have taken place in the development of science and technology. Therefore the Enugu state ministry of education and the school boards are supposed to provide junior secondary school pupils with funds for the procurement of instructional materials likewise, the teacher should use the available materials in his everyday teaching learning process, bearing in mind that the interest of children will be aroused more when they see things in their natural setting and the educational goal will be achieved as well.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 

The extent of use of instructional materials should not be excluded in teaching and learning of Accounting education. They supply a concrete basis for conceptual thinking and hence reduce meaningless word responses of students. It was observed that the result of student in Accounting education at junior secondary school certificate examinations (JSSCE) are consistently poor. Some of the causes of this poor achievement is related to lack of understanding of the concepts. Also the populations of students in continuation of science subjects in senior secondary schools are drastically reduced. One would ask, are there no knowledgeable teachers who can impact the knowledge of the concepts effectively. For a teacher to be effective in her work, she must know the principles of teaching which also include the use of instructional materials. Teachers have neglected the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of Accounting education. They engage themselves with chalk and talk method which lives the student with little or no understanding.
This study therefore, tries to determine the extent of utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of accounting education in junior secondary schools in Enugu North Local Government Area Enugu State.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The major purpose of this research is to find out the extent of utilization of instructional material in teaching and learning of instructional Accounting education in junior secondary school in Enugu North Local Government Area, Enugu State. In the light of this, the specific objectives of the research include:

1. To ascertain the extent to which these instructional material are being utilized in teaching and learning of accounting education in junior secondary schools in Enugu North L.G.A Enugu state.
   2. To ascertain the factors affecting utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of accounting education
2. To find out the possible solutions or strategies through which the use of instructional materials in teaching of accounting education can be increased instructional materials

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 

It is intended that findings from this research on the interest of use of instructional material will be of help to the student, teachers, school and the government instructional materials
1. It exposes the importance of instructional materials which would make students have more understanding on the lessons.instructional materials
2. The information from this research will help teacher to carry out their task with ease unlike the chalk and talk method where the teacher spend the whole time trying to make the student to understand what is being taught.
3. The information from this research will enable the school administrators to ascertain the availability of instructional materials for teaching Accounting education and the extent to which they are being utilized in promoting the new emphases on teaching Accounting education in junior secondary schools in Enugu North L.G.A Enugu State
4. The information from the research will also help the bodies, whose duty is to lay educational policies and monitor the progress of the planned educational evolution to ensure that instructional materials are supplied and bottle necks removed in time to facilitate the effective implementation of this National policy on education with reference to teaching of accounting education instructional materials

RESEARCH QUESTION

 This study seeks to provide answers to the following
1. To what extent is this instructional material being fully utilized in teaching and learning of accounting education in junior secondary in Enugu North L.G.A?

2. What are the factors affecting the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of accounting education in junior secondary school in Enugu North L.G.A?
3. What is the possible solution or strategies by which the use of instructional materials can be fully increased instructional materials?

HYPOTHESIS 
H₀: There is no significant difference between the achievement students taught with instructional material and those not taught with instructional materials

H₁: There is a significant difference between the achievement students taught with instructional material and those not taught with instructional materials

H₀: there is no factors affecting utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of accounting education

H₂: there are factors affecting utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of accounting education

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 

Because of the large size of population of student in junior secondary sector in Enugu state, the study is narrowed to the case study of junior secondary sector in Enugu North Local Government Area in Enugu State. The researcher encountered some constrain in the cause of the study;

1. a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
2. b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
3. c) Finance: the finances at the disposal of the researcher was very limited, as such adversely affect the scope of the studies as more schools could not be integrated into the study.

 DEFINITION OF TERMS

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL: Instructional materials are the tools used in educational lessons, which includes active learning and assessment. Basically, any resource a teacher uses to help him teach his students is an instructional material

EFFECTIVE: Successful in producing a desired or intended result.

TEACHING: Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum.

LEARNING: Learning is the act of acquiring new or modifying and reinforcing existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences which may lead to a potential.

BUSINESS EDUCATION: Business education involves teaching students the fundamentals, theories, and processes of business. Education in this field occurs at several levels, including secondary education and higher education or university education.

JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL: Education in Nigeria is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Local authorities take … Students spend six years in Secondary School that is 3 years of JSS (Junior Secondary School), and 3 years of SSS (Senior Secondary School).

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study.

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