ASSESSMENT OF CROWD CONTROL STRA TEGIES IN THE DESIGN OF NATIONAL STADIUM AT MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

Stadium crowd referred  to the number  of people  corning together  in cluster for sporting activities  and other events in the stadium. The stadium crowd is usually  associated  with certain problems  that include but not limited to problems  of movement, ventilation, temperature, and crime, whereas this research is limited to the problem of circulation. The researcher reviewed past studies in which FIFA guide/recommendations  and other similar areas of interest were made useful. The study aimed at providing football stadium that can allow safer crowd environment for sustainable spectatorship. A survey research was adopted. The study population comprised of 25 management staff, 20 technical staff, 20 security staff including police men,  1049 spectators for both the Uyo and Abuja stadia. The study utilised purposive  sampling of the non-probability  sampling technique.  Questionnaire was used as the research instrument, in which 485 number was administered at the Uyo stadium, while 660 was administered at the Abuja stadium.  A total of 1114 was possibly retrieved out of 1145. The researcher used research assistant to collect some of the data, and the entire data was  then  coded  and  organised  for analysis  using  SPSS  and Excel  software, and  were summarised in tables and charts for easy interpretations. The result indicated that the crowd management  strategies used in most  stadia were adequate  except at the situation  of full capacity  evacuation. The result is shown in percentage  for adequate, fair and inadequate scores for CCTV (17%,  15%,  9%), stadium entrance (86.9%,  7.3%,  5.8%), lighting (13%, 85%, 2%), signage (8.5%, 84.4%, 7.1%), peak period  evacuation  (18.6%, 7.6%, 73.8%), ticketing  (11.9%, 74.6%, 13.5%), seating plan (48.4%, 40.1%, 11.5%), security personnel posting (42.2%, 40.3%,  17.5%), queuing and assembly of fans (64.4%, 35.6%, 0%), gate opening (77.6%, 13.6%, 8.8%). In conclusion, the evacuation  at peak periods  at stadia is usually  inadequate. The concept  of the research  solution was made in three main ways; Improvement on the ingress/egress system, open circulation from upper levels of the sitting bowl  to allow  for easy evacuation, improving  the  emergency/vehicular   access  ways  as improvement ofthe full capacity evacuation. and also awareness programs on the proper use of stadium  facilities  should be provided  to all visitors  as key recommendations   of this research.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background to the Study

Football  has become one of the most popular  if not the most popular  sporting game commonly played and watched by enormous number of people all around the world. The evidence  of this is noticed  in all comers  of villages, towns  and cities  of the world. Stadium  arenas  were  considered   amongst  the  largely  populated   areas  within   a community leading to crowd generation (Liu et al., 2011).

Crowd could be seen according to Powell (1994) as group or number of people attending a common gathering such as that ofpolitics, sport, and public events. Crowding is created by strong involvement  in human  agitation  especially the crowd experienced  at event grounds (Price, 2003). The crowd caused by population  in a football stadium usually results to instabilities in pedestrian  movement  (Powell, 1994). One significant part of making  sure that  there  is  safer crowd  at venues  is by designing  proper  systems  of circulation which can enable effective and strategic evacuation (Liu et al., 2011).

Niger state been one of the states of the federation of Nigeria,  is among the states that was blessed with large number of state income generating potentials like market business opportunities, tourism, agriculture and education. However, when we look at the movement of sports, football is another concern that gain popularity with huge number of players from  different  parts  of the  state playing  on  a typical  grounds  and fields. According to  a  report  by  Unaeze  (2018),   the  present  Niger  state  government  proposes the construction of International Stadium at Maikunkele Niger State to cover for the old Bako Kontagora  stadium that is 5000 in capacity, which cannot support the increasing user population,  as it results  in low effective  pedestrian  circulation  especially  when 1 people move,  sit,  exiting and on general use of the stadium.  This is the main reason for the conduction of this research work.

At the end of this research work,  a new modem  stadium will be planned  and designed which shall adopt necessary modem stadium planning and design approaches where necessary, and also try to incorporate  and blend  multiple  space management  that will enhance crowd control in the new Niger State National Stadium.

1.2    Statement of the Research Problem

The Niger state football stadium named as the Bako Muhammed Kontagora stadium in Minna  was  closed  down  for lack of upgrade  and functioning  for about two football seasons, now gained simple rehabilitation  for continuation  of usual  football matches. Unaeze (2018) also reported that following the near completion ofthe rehabilitation work on Bako Muhammed  Kontagora  stadium in Minna, the Niger  State Sport Council has written to the League Management  Company (LMC) to come and inspect the stadium. The outcome of the report was that the work was good but the stadium cannot support the increasing crowd and that results to ineffective  circulation management  during top matches or events. It is from these two main reasons that this research work was carried out to solve the stated problem through an entirely new design consideration.

1.3   Aim and Objectives

Aim

The aim ofthis research is to provide strategies that could help in improving the state of crowd generated in the stadium especially at peak period.

Objectives

The following are provided as considerable objectives for use by this research work:

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1.            To use the local technical  approaches  for football stadium construction  to create a design of a circulation effective stadium for Niger State

11.            To create  effective  access  ways  and concourse  circulation  for enhancing

movement within the stadium.

1.4    Research Questions

These questions are used by the author in carrying out the research work,  and the questions are asked by him.

1.       What crowd control  strategies  can be adequately  adopted  for the stadium design?

11.            How could the crowd control strategies be adequately used during planning od the stadium?

111.            How could the relationship  between the indoor  and outdoor  spaces of the entire stadium structure relate to help in controlling crowd at the stadium?

IV.         How effective are the spaces to the users coming to visit the stadium?

v.       In what ways can the existing stadium crowd be improved through new design approach?

1.5    Assumptions of the Study

The basic assumption proceeded by this research work is that stadia that are used in most part ofthe country especially in north, are those designed below FIFA standard because of lack of the following:

1.         Adequate incorporation of circulation spaces that will enable crowd control

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11 .           Considerations  for future expectations related to size of population and its associated problems

1.6    Scope of the Study

Areas where the content scope of this research work will cover includes the following functions:

1.         Local International Olympic stadia of 60 thousand plus capacity

11.        Local National and Inter-state stadia of 30- 40 thousand capacity

111.          Foreign Olympic stadia 90 thousand plus capacity

iv.      Foreign football stadia of 45 thousand plus capacity

v.      Historical stadia. Berlin and Deutsches

1.7    Justification for the Study

Just  as  earlier  stated by  Faces  International  Magazine  website  2018, that  the  state government  had made proposal  to carry out a new  stadium project  work that would support the increasing population  as well as the future target (large capacity of people). Therefore, whenever  there  is population  in  large  number  especially  in  this  type  of gathering,  there   is   always   creation   of   crowd   menace,   which   requires   proper considerations in such a place.

This is the main reason that brought to justice the carrying out of this research work in the vain that how can the research be able to develop design which supports the large population  as well  as addressing  the problem  of crowd  associated  with  the  size of population expected.

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