SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE AND IT IMPLICATION AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPETR ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION 

1.1        Background of the study

1.2        Statement of problem

1.3        Objective of the study

1.4        Research Hypotheses

1.5        Significance of the study

1.6        Scope and limitation of the study

1.7       Definition of terms

1.8       Organization of the study

CHAPETR TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPETR THREE

3.0        Research methodology

3.1    sources of data collection

3.3        Population of the study

3.4        Sampling and sampling distribution

3.5        Validation of research instrument

3.6        Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introductions

4.2 Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Summary

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Recommendation

Appendix

Abstract

The adolescent age is the period of sexual identity when adolescents make sense of their feeling and turn them into actions. This stage requires adequate knowledge of sexual behaviours so that adolescents will not rely on peer group for information. This is because of the far reaching effects it may have on them and the society at large due to misinformation and the consequences of the high risk sexual behaviours they may engage in like sexually transmitted diseases. This study therefore aims at investigating the nemesis of sexually transmitted diseases and it implication among secondary school student in Etinan local government area of Akwa Ibom State.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study

Sexually transmitted disease is a public health social problem that affects adolescents all over the world including sub-Saharan Africa. However, the prevalence has reportedly reached a stage that calls for stake holders’ concern. ( Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2006). This is because adolescents who are most at risk of contacting these diseases form a greater proportion of the population of the world. (Mobey, 1996). In Nigeria, it is a serious problem because it affects an estimated one-quarter of sexually active teenagers in the country. (Yarber & Parrillo, 1992).The prevalence is high in various locations due to the poor knowledge of the diseases and the beliefs attached to it as a result of insufficient and inadequate information available to the teeming population from various quarters, especially adolescents who are sexually active. Studies on reproductive health of adolescents in Nigeria indicates that many adolescents initiate sexual intercourse at an early age and engage in high risk sexual behaviours such as unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners which expose them to sexually transmitted diseases, unwanted pregnancy and illegal abortion among others. (UNAIDS, 2006).This can be explained from the level of information made available to people especially to adolescents whose sexual behaviours make them more prone to the diseases. Adolescent has been described by Coleman and Hendry (1990) as a period of experimentation. According to them, one of those issues adolescents experiment on is sex. This explains, perhaps, why UNICEF (2004) noted that adolescents are the most heterosexually active cohort the world over. Similar sentiments (Ezedum 2000, Oluwole, 2008) have been shared in Nigerian concerning the Nigerian adolescent. Erickson (1968) as cited in Okoye (2003) maintained that the hazard of adolescent is role confusion / search for personal identity. During these period adolescents encounter such problem like falling in love with opposite sex and changes in their physical features (males and females alike) which may knowingly a unknowingly lead to teenage pregnancy , abortion and its complications, prostitution, sex abuse and sexual violence, and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including Human Immuno-deficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). All of these do affect school programs and sometimes even lead to dropping out of school of Nigerian youths, which by implication influence the development of the nation. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a serious and deadly disease caused by the virus that attacks and destroys the body defense system, thereby leading the body defenseless (Unachukwu, 2003). The body becomes open to infection and diseases which the body could normally fight off, it is becoming obvious that AIDS possess a serious health problems in Africa. Obekeze (1997) state that AIDS is the greatest scourge of modern times, thus it is the most important new threat to the world health body and has no cure Since its discovery in the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS has become a pandemic on a global scale. It is no longer only health issue but a substantial threat to economic growth and development, imposing a heavy burden first on families, then on communities and eventually economics. The impact of the pandemic is already being felt in most countries of the world. An estimate of 11 persons became pandemic is already minute representing some 15,000 new infections every day or more than 5.4 million for the entire year (WHO, 2000). Similarly, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that as at 2003, about 38 million persons were HIV positive worldwide and almost 26 million were workers between 15 and 49 years, and of the 2.9 million HIV/AIDS related deaths in 2003, 2.2 million were from Sub-Saharan Africa. While the Sub-Saharan Africa region contain only 10 percent of the world’s population, it accounts for 60 percent of the worldwide HIV/AIDS cases (UNAIDS Africa Fact Sheet, 2004). This implies that the most productive age group is mostly affected and this has implications for families and economics in terms of income, employment and labour market changes. Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa with a population estimate of about 140 million in 2006 (NPC, 2007), is fast gaining its share of the HIV/AIDS scourge. Nigeria has the highest prevalence rate in West African Sub-region and the third highest prevalence of any country in the world with a five percent population prevalence rate, that is, over 3.6 million people (UNAIDS/WHO, 2004). The widespread and rising HIV/AIDS is a problem that could be affecting the growth of the Nigerian economy which, led to compounding poverty, low standard of living, low productivity, increased unemployment, morbidity and mortality rates and ultimately obstruct development efforts. Thus, with the alarming growth of the disease within the country, the study is concern with the possible effects of HIV/AIDS on economic growth in Nigeria and the extent to which various polices can alter them (Maijama’a & Muhammad, 2013). However, the situation in developing countries shows that the diseases occur predominantly in the heterosexual populations, and therefore, heterosexual contact in these areas is considered a major risk factor of infection. Besides, the disease has been observed in intravenous drug abusers, hemophiliacs, and recipients of blood transfusion or blood products. Some cases of AIDS originating from organ transplantation have been recorded. For Achalu (1993) AIDs is a group of diseases that result from the infection with the AIDS virus. The traditional values among Nigerian for sanctity of sex and sex for procreation have been over thrown in favour of liberal sexual behaviors. There is evidence of high risk of sexual behaviour and premarital sexual involvement among Nigerian adolescents (Unachukwu and Nwankwo, 1998). The commonest STDS include HIV/AIDS, Trichomoniasis, General Warts, Syphilis, Herps, Genitalia Tines Crunus, Scabies and Gardenerella Veginalis. Others are Hypphorgramutoma, Verecem, Choncroid and Vereophobia (Nnankwo, 2003). the tragedy of the premarital sexuality among adolescents is that they engage in frequent sexual activities without proper knowledge of what is involved (Obikeze, 1997). Achalu (1996) maintained that, those who engage in high risk behaviors such as indiscriminate sex with many partners or those who take partners from the streets have increased chance of being infected. Owolabi (1985) emphasized that, sexual practices such as anal intercourse, oral intercourse, homosexuality and deep kisses are associated with high risks of contacting these diseases especially the Virus that causes AIDS. Furthermore, Owolabi (1985) noted that some of the prevalence of STDS in Nigeria is due to sexual promiscuity, prostitution, and homosexuality, lack of sex education, self medication and drug abuse among others. Adolescents especially those in secondary schools are among the most sexually active segment of the population. They are also more likely to engage in risky sexual practices that increase the chances of infections (Hopkins, 1998). AIDS have causes a number of complications including abortions, premature birth, blindness, infertility, heart and mental diseases, bone disorders, and so on. Effort to reduce the problem in controlling the diseases among patients who do not go to doctors at the early stage of the diseases due to stigma attached to the disorder related to sex organ. In spite of the modern medicine, STDS have become very difficult to control largely because people seem not to know the truth about them.

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Available data shows that sexually transmitted diseases constitute medical, social and economic problems in Nigeria and this is not only prevalent in the urban centres but also in the rural areas. (Ogunbanjo, 1989). According to Mati (1995), STDs pose a major reproductive health burden on individuals; many of which include: sores and bumps on the body, recurrent private parts sores, generalised skin rash, pain during intercourse, scrotal pain, redness and swelling pelvic pain. Others include eye inflammation, arthritis, pelvic inflammation disease, Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Sexually transmitted disease is also associated with morbidity such as infertility, septic abortion, ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer and increased risk of HIV/AIDS especially when a genital ulcer is present. (Abudu & Odugbemi, 1985). Furthermore, the incidence and prevalence of STDs in Nigeria are limited as a result of underreporting. This may be as a result of inadequate diagnostic and treatment facilities in the rural areas fear of stigmatization, cultural beliefs and many more. (Green, 1992). It is in view of the above that the researcher intend to investigate the implication of sexually transmitted disease among secondary school student in Etinan L.G.A of Akwa Ibom State.

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main objective of the study is to investigate the implication of sexually transmitted disease among secondary school student in Etinan local government area of Akwa Ibom state, but to aid the successful completion of the study, the researcher intends to achieve the following specific objectives;

1. To examine the health implication of sexually transmitted disease on the academic performance of secondary school student
2. To ascertain the effect of sexually transmitted diseases on the sexuality of secondary school student

• To find out the extent do Caregivers and Adolescents knows the signs and symptoms of STDS.

1. To investigate the relationship between the awareness level and the rate of sexually transmitted diseases among secondary school student in Etinan LGA of Akwa Ibom state

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher:

H₀: there is no significant relationship between the awareness level and the rate of sexually transmitted diseases among secondary school student in Etinan LGA of Akwa Ibom state

H₁: there is a significant relationship between the awareness level and the rate of sexually transmitted diseases among secondary school student in Etinan LGA of Akwa Ibom state

H₀: Caregivers and Adolescents do not knows the signs and symptoms of STDS

H₂: Caregivers and Adolescents knows the signs and symptoms of STDS

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is believed that at the completion of the study, the findings will be of great importance to parent and caregivers, this is so the study seek to explore the consequences of sexually transmitted diseases among secondary school student in Etinan LGA, the study will also be useful to the guardians and counseling unit of the schools as the study seek to emphasize the need to educate the students on the dangers of unprotected sex. The study will also be useful to researchers who intend to embark on a study in a similar topic as the topic will serve as a pathfinder to further studies. Finally, the study will   be useful to academia’s student, teachers researchers and the general public as the study will add to the pool of existing literature on the subject matter and also contribute to knowledge.

• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers sexually transmitted disease and it implications among secondary school student in Etinan LGA of Akwa Ibom state. But in the cause of the study, there were some factors which limited the scope of the study which were out of the researchers control

1. a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
2. b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
3. C) Finance: finance is one of the limitations to study. The researcher is facing financial constraint to meet the all the needed educational requirements including this research study.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

STDs

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also called sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections that are passed from person to person through sexual contact. HIV is an STD. There are more than 25 other sexually transmitted infections that are mainly spread by sexual contact such as vaginal, anal, and oral sex.

Abortion

Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage

Stigmatization

Social stigma is disapproval of a person based on socially characteristic grounds that are perceived, and serve to distinguish them, from other members of a society

1.8 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows

Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlights the theoretical framework on which the study is based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding.  Chapter five gives summary, conclusion, and recommendations made of the study

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