DESIGN OF A FOUR BIT NUMERIC DATA TRANSCEIVER USING OPTICAL FREE SPACE COMMUNICATION

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief Overview of Free-Space Communication

Telecommunication is a process whereby information is encoded and transmitted over a distance through a channel or a medium by a sender to one or more receiver electronically (Advance English Dictionary). From the above definition, the word that is to be emphasized is “distance” gotten from the Greek prefix “tele” meaning “distant”. Distance is a major point to consider when building a telecommunication device or system, therefore scientist over the years have worked and are still working on different means to enhance the efficiency of the distance and data-rate of telecommunication systems. Examples of such works are in the area of Radio and Microwave communications, Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) or optical communication systems and wired communication technology among others [5]. Optical communication systems are in various forms and have been used for thousands of years. Among the early users of this system are the Ancient Greeks, they polish their shields to send signals during battle [6]. In the modern era, semaphores and wireless solar telegraphs called heliographs have been developed using coded signals to communicate with the receiver. In the past ten to twenty years free-space optical communication (FSO) has attained a state of interest as an alternative to radiofrequency communication [1]. Free-space optics also known as free-space photonics (FSP) is a branch of an optical communication system that deals with the transmission of modulated visible or infrared (IR) beam through the atmosphere to obtain data or broadband communication. Some of the sources of these beams used are LASER and non-lasing sources like light-emitting diodes or IR-emitting diodes (IREDs) [4]. This technology is useful in areas with high electromagnetic interference (EMI) and therefore can be used for the most demanding industrial and domestic applications [5]. The growing need for high-speed and tap-proof communication systems to create links to satellites, ground stations, deep-space probes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), high altitude platforms (HAPs), aircraft and other mobile or static communication systems makes the improvement and works on free-space optics a very high priority for telecommunication standards societies and space agencies such as; International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) among others. Links created by this technology can be used in both military and professional fields [1]. For example, it will take Radiofrequency (RF) systems nine years to transmit a 30cm resolution map of the entire Martian surface (at one bit per pixel), but with an FSO system (such as LASERCOMM) this can be achieved in nine weeks. FSO links between much-distanced buildings have long been developed and established in developed countries such as the United State of America, but this technology just seems to be lacking in African countries like Nigeria among others [6]. If this technology is implemented in Nigeria it will greatly increase data-rate, and “Last Mile Challenges” can be reduced or completely eliminated. Furthermore, free-space optic (FSO) systems are license-free access technologies with high frequency and very short wavelength, therefore, allowing higher data transmission, with less transmit power. It is a potential alternative or complementary solution to common physical layers like fiber-optic links. But in spite of the major merits of the FSO technology and diversity of its applications, works are on-going on ways to reduce or eliminate some of the major limitations of the technology such as fading resulting from ‘index-of-refraction turbulence (IRT) and link blockage by clouds, snow, and rain [4]. In this project, a model will be designed to transmit and receive four-bit numerical integers over a reasonable distance in free space to illustrate the working principle of the FSO systems.

1.2 Project Motivation

In today’s data-rich world, high-speed connections have become almost as important as the internet itself, broadband is faster and more accessible than ever before. Almost 60 million people now pay a premium to access data all over the world with a high-speed connection, millions more want to join but cannot [3]. Service providers are always tasked to deliver high-speed internet access to eagerly waiting customers but, lack of infrastructure, long-distance challenges, cost, competitive and regulatory issues are a constant problems especially in Nigeria and Africa in general. But with the development of (FSO) technology, a shortcut to broadband connectivity can be created to link with existing networks such as wired and wireless local area networks (WLANs), fiber optics and even satellite. These networks can then be extended using invisible beams of light (LASER or IR-emitting diodes), resulting in a very fast broadband wireless connections with merits such as no spectrum licenses, no electromagnetic interference (EMI) and highly secured from vandalization.

1.3 Aims and Objectives

The aim of this project is to design and produce an optical-base system for transmission of 4-bits single digit numeric data from one point to another using free-space optical communication to illustrate the working principle of an (FSO) system.

The objectives of this project are:

1. To design an optical-base transceiver system using free-space optics.

2. To design the model using infrared (IR) beams.

3. To achieve a reasonable distance of at least 10 meters.

4. To illustrate the basic fundamental principle of the (FSO) systems.

1.4 Methodology

The implementation of this project uses a digital serial transmission system where single numeric integers are sent using a 4-bits coding system over an optical path sequentially. This system is efficient because it requires less signal processing thereby less chance of error compared to the parallel transmission and thus a faster transfer rate. The model uses a transmitter that encodes the integers into 4-bit codes then to a binary-to-frequency converter, next is to an optical emitter over free-space and a receiver, which reproduces the numeric integer from the received optical signal using a seven-segment display.

1.5 Scope of the Study

This project seeks to cover the design and implementation of a 4-bit transceiver using optical transmission channel. The maximum range of communication between the optical transmitter and receiver is between 10 to 20 meters. Intercommunication link between both the transmitter and receiver systems is completely based on line of sight.

1.6 Project Outline

Chapter one of this project introduces the entire work. Chapter two reviews LASER in free-space optical and modulation in data transmission, Chapter three deals with the design procedure, Chapter four covers the construction, testing and result from analysis. Chapter five is the summary which consist of the conclusion, recommendation, and references.

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