ICT – BASED STRATEGIES FOR UPDATING INFORMATION SERVICES FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

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ABSTRACT

The study examined ICT – based strategies for updating information services for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries. Specifically, the study investigated appropriate ICT- related  resources,  ICT-  based  methods  currently  employed,  effectiveness  of the methods, extent of application of the ICTs, relevant competencies, problems and appropriate strategies for enhancing the use of ICTs in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries.  All the 89 library and information  professional  (LIPs),  in six federal university libraries  selected based on purposive sampling method, were used for the study. The research employed  the use of structured  questionnaire,  code-named,  ‘UPINSEQ’  and an observation checklist  as instrument  for  collecting  data.  Data collected  were analyzed  using frequency counts, percentages,  mean and standard deviation while the null hypotheses were tested at

0.05 level of significance using the chi-square. The result of the investigation revealed  that

some of the methods  currently employed  in updating information  services for  agricultural research in the libraries are not effective. However, Current Awareness  Services, Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) searching, online literature searching and exhibition are some of the methods found to be effective for updating information services for agricultural research. Some of the competencies required for updating the information services include: skills  in ICT  use in information  services,  good  knowledge  of nature  and  organisation  of information,  wide knowledge  of  sources of agricultural information,  communication  skills, and  skills  in  convention  information  services.  Based  on  the  findings  of  the  study,  it  is recommended  that  funding  of information  services  for  agricultural  research  in university libraries should be improved; online catalogues should be developed and used for accessing the holdings of other libraries; well-planned collection development policies that promote the updating  of information  services for agricultural  research should be developed  and strictly implemented;   and   that   adequate   Current   Awareness   Services   (CAS)   and   Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) should be carried out on the information resources.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Updating  information  services  involves  the  provision  of  adequate  and  up-to-date information from diverse formats and media to meet particular information needs, at the right time,  in the right quantity and quality and for the right researcher.  Agriculture  is a very important  sector  of the economies  of the developing  countries.  It  is the backbone  of the economy of Africa with about 90% of her people depending on it for a living. It is also the main foreign exchange earner of the various countries that make up the continent (Mbwana,

1987). Ezeani (2005) has observed that very few countries have experienced rapid economic growth without a corresponding growth in agriculture. However, in Nigeria, the oil boom of the 1970s resulted in the neglect of agriculture as government shifted its attention and support from  the  agricultural  to  the  oil  sector.  This  had  adverse  effects  on  the  development  of agriculture in Nigeria. This neglect caused Fadiji to prophesy twelve years ago (1996) that the much publicized aspiration of food for all by the year 2000 would be an unrealizable dream. fourteen  years  on,  his  prophesy  has  come  to  reality.  Today,  the  current  food  supply  is inadequate  to meet the needs of the over  140 million  people  resulting  in the continuous dependence  on  importation  of  even  staple  food  products  like  rice  and  beans.  Nigerian agriculture has been stagnant, or at best, in recession (Omeje, 2004). There has been perennial low agricultural production (Aina, in Mabawonku,  2001), continuing poor food supply and food security, continuing poor agricultural development and poor economic and consequently, poor national  development  in Nigeria  and other ever-present  problems  of the  agricultural process. In view of this and considering the apparent volatility of the oil sector, there is urgent need to reexamine the strategies for solving agricultural problems and enhancing agricultural development in Nigeria.

One  way  of  achieving  this  is  through  sound  agricultural  research.   Agricultural research, according to Besemer and Veerman (1995) is simply a systematic inquiry into the application of scientific  procedures  to the study of agricultural  problems.  These problems require  solutions  based on convincing  evidence.  Such  evidence  is captured  through well- planned and thoroughly executed agricultural research (FAO, 1993). The objectives of this, in the words of Alawode (1999), are to  confirm existing knowledge and to discover new facts and  general  principles  for  explaining,  predicting  and  controlling  events  in  agricultural situations.  The  ultimate  aim  of agricultural  research  is to  bring  greater  productivity  and economic efficiency to the agricultural industry. However, agricultural research in Nigeria has

been             marred             by             lack             of             up             –             to             – date information support to all the stakeholders in the sector. Researchers require  adequate access to a wide array of information resources available in various formats and media in order to produce timely and appropriate research result that can be  productively applied to emancipate  Nigeria from her perennial low agricultural  production,  enhance food security, restore agriculture  as the main foreign exchange  earner,  support the federal government’s poverty alleviation  programme,  promote  rapid  economic  growth,  and enhance  the overall national development of the nation.

The general features of the scientific literature also apply to agriculture. These include reliance on up – to – date information, resulting in the preponderance of periodicals and other sources of regular updates, preponderance of empirical studies etc. Some authors have argued that  agriculture  has  certain  distinct  characteristics,  which  make  agricultural  information unique and different from other scientific literature. Satter and Lancaster (1994) listed these characteristics as follows:

i The fugitive nature of the literature produced in agricultural scholarship ii The universal applicability of agriculture and its literature

iii The inter disciplinary nature of agricultural research iv The diversity of its treatment and presentation

It  is  these  features   that  characterize   agricultural   research.   For  instance,   Agricultural information and the results of agricultural research can be applied in other related disciplines and in geographical areas other than the area it was obtained.  Additionally,  French (1990) affirmed that agriculturists are dependent upon a tremendous amount of non-bibliographic and non- research data, some of which are of very timely nature. Thus, agricultural research by its nature and direct importance to economic development, requires up-to-date information and information resources.  This is so  because of the explosion of information in the scientific disciplines in the world today, the ever-present problems of the agricultural process, and the fugitive nature of the agricultural literature.

Agricultural research is carried out and promoted in various specialized  institutions. However, universities are prominent in agricultural research because of the preponderance of high level manpower engaged in the production and utilization of agricultural research results, the existence of a large population of student participants  and users, and the existence  of competitive research resulting in the need for both intensive and extensive research.

The university is the apex of the system of higher education.  (Nigeria, 2004).  The universities   are  mandated   to  promote   manpower   development,   research   and   national

development.  This, as noted by Mezieobi (2007), was stipulated  in the National Policy on Education.  The universities  promote  research  not only by providing  relevant  and  needed information resources and services for researchers, but also by disseminating their research findings to both the government, industries and other researchers.

Central to this objective of promoting research and scholarship in the university is the university library. The main purpose of the university library is to support the objectives of the university which are to promote teaching, learning and research. No university can exist without a library since the university is meant to teach and carry out research (Ekere, 2006). Thus, university libraries, according to Hardesty (1986), are always struggling to acquire and organize printed and non- printed forms of recorded materials in order to maintain a research collection for the community they serve. Ekere (2006) asserted that the university library is supposed  to provide information  resources  and services of sufficient quality and diversity. University libraries therefore, need to ensure that agricultural information resources generated locally  and  overseas  are  made  available  and  accessible  for  research  as  adequately  and currently as possible. For a university library to achieve this, it must acquire and organize a vast array of information resources in many diverse forms and media, including those brought about by the electronic age.

Information resources, according to. Satter and Lancaster (1994), are worthless if they are not adequately and currently accessed at the right time and properly utilized for research, scholarship  and  general  development  of  the  individual  and  society.  This  is  so  because provision of information in a manner most useful to its client is the ultimate  test of all the effort and funds expended and sustained in maintaining a library. It was for this reason that

information services arose as a distinct specialty in librarianship in the 19th and 20th  centuries

(Massey-Burzio,  2002). Information service has always been implicit in reference  services. Reference services are concerned with personal assistance, usually face – to – face, provided to readers in securing needed information and in using the resources of the library. Information services go beyond mere face-to-face assistance and is aimed at  satisfying the information needs of the user.

With the turn of the 21st  century, information services have emerged as an activity in

which  information  can  be  more  easily  organized,  and  more  currently  disseminated  and accessed, even without any recourse to the library building (Adeyemi, 2005). These enhanced capabilities  are very important  for agricultural  research due to the   non-bibliographic  and fugitive  nature  of  its  literature  and  the  need  for  up-to-date  information  for  economic development.

Updating information services for agricultural research involves the provision of up- to-date information from diverse formats and media to agricultural researchers. According to Shibanda (2000), it involves the provision of adequate and current information resources to satisfy  the  researchers’  information  needs.  Information  services  are  packaged  to  meet particular information needs, at the right time, in the right quantity and quality and for the right patron. Aina in Mabawonku (2001) had observed that one of the reasons adduced for the perennial low agricultural production in Africa is the lack of  up to date information support to all  the  stakeholders  in  the  sector.  To  address  this  problem,  Igbeka  and  Atinmo  (2002) recommended   among  others   that  current  information   sources  should  be  provided  for agricultural  research.  This  would avail agricultural  researchers  the opportunity to produce timely and  appropriate  research  results  that  could  be productively  applied  to  emancipate Nigeria from her perennial low agricultural production and promote rapid economic growth. This can be attained through the application and utilization of information and communication technology in addition to other conventional  methods of providing  current information  to library users.

These  methods  include  the  use  of  Current  Awareness  Services  (CAS),  Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI), and regular provision of periodical and  grey literature. CAS and SDI are aimed at supplementing the individual researcher’s methods and habit of keeping current by providing a systematic and selective review of recently published literature and  making  same  available  to  the  researcher.  They are  intended  to  save the time of the researcher, offer extensive coverage of the literature and incorporate the searching expertise of the professional  library staff. However,  CAS and  SDI are capital intensive (Butter, 1993). Other   conventional   methods   include   library   displays,   information   extension   services, exhibition to showcase newly acquired  materials, literature search in conventional  sources, compilation  of  bibliography  of  current  literature,  indexing  and  abstracting,  vertical  file material services, etc.

With the advent of ICT, library and information providers have been able to  serve patrons not only face to face, but also virtually. ICTs can be categorized into two: traditional and new ICTs (Thioune 2003). Traditional ICTs are radio, television, fixed line telephones, facsimile machines and photocopying machines which have been gradually ingrained in the daily habits and lives of people and communities. The new  ICTs consist of computers and specific  data  processing  applications  accessible  through  computers  (e-mail,  internet  etc), cellular  phones  and  wireless  technologies.  Virtual  information  services  in  this  sense  are information  services  initiated  electronically,   often  in  real-time,  where  patrons  employ

computers or other internet technologies to communicate with reference staff, without being physically present (American Library Association, 2005). Virtual information services are a network of expertise, human intermediation and resources placed at the disposal of users in an online environment (Silverstein,  2003). ICT has dramatically changed the way information services are provided, especially in the developed countries, so much so that with the internet, a library can access and organize information and information resources as much as necessary while  a  researcher  stays  in  his  house  and  provide  instant  access  to  a  vast  amount  of information from multiple sources all over the world. ICTs, therefore, offer opportunities for updating information services for agricultural research in university libraries.

Aguolu  and  Aguolu  (2002)  noted  that  since  the  1960s,  ICT,  has  been  used  in developed countries to perform many library functions from clerical housekeeping activities, such as ordering cataloguing, control and circulation of books, and journals, to reference and information services. ICTs, McKnight (2000) noted, are also the cheaper and easier means of updating information services. As the cost of electronic production, storage and transmission for paper-based information has fallen, the equivalent cost for paper–based information has risen. This coupled with reduced library budget has led many to suggest that the library will be an electronic library, that is, the information  contained in the library will be stored and used electronically, resulting in the emergence of resources like  online catalogues, electronic journals, online databases etc.

Nkanu  and  Eyo  (2006),  citing  Murdock  noted  that  ICTs  have  long  been  used  as powerful tools for libraries, providing patrons access to bibliographic information on all the materials that are available for their use. Today, the greater storage capacities of  Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) databases are used to give library users full page access to such materials as journals, grey literature, catalogues, and encyclopedias. Online catalogues provide constantly updated  information  from which  books and other library resources  are made available whether or not they are currently checked out.         ICTs  are  indeed  offering unprecedented access to information in all kinds of formats, thus the provision of and access to even the conventional methods of updating information services such as CAS, SDI, grey literature have been significantly improved by the application of ICTs. These resources have their electronic versions to enhance accessibility and provision.   This further enhances their potentiality in updating information services. (Yumba, 1997). The implication of this is that even other types of information resources used in updating information service still rely on ICTs to sustain their relevance for updating or enhance their capability to update information services.

Many of the library resources that used to be in print forms are being rendered  in electronic  formats. Since libraries can not be without their traditional  resources  (reference works, bibliographical works, periodicals and magazines), many of these now have electronic versions. In a few years to come, their paper version may likely disappear (Chigbu, 2003). Citing the University of Western Australia,  Chigbu  added  that many types of information were  acquired  in  an  electronic  format:  reference  work,  statistical  source,  news  services, abstracting and indexing services, as well as increasing number of full text journals.

Additionally,  users  in the developing  countries  can use some recent  global  digital library developments in bridging the gap with the developed countries. These developments include subject gateway, digital information services, free access to e-journals and e-books in many areas,  and e-print  archives  and free digital  libraries  (Chowdhury,  2005).  Academic libraries in Nigeria therefore have every need and opportunity to bridge the gap and update their information services in line with the status quo in the developed countries of America and Europe. What is left is for the  libraries to utilize the opportunity and explore possible strategies to make it work.

There has also been a long history of cooperative networking and inter library lending as a strategy for satisfying ever widening and interdisciplinary subject material demands of researchers, scholars and student users (Balakrishman and Paliwal, 2001). They also observed that  new  publishing  techniques  such  as  Compact  Disc  Read  Only  Memory  (CD-ROM), multimedia  interactive  computer  works,  machine-readable  text  files  on  the  internet,  and collections  of  scanned  materials  stored  in  image  and  character  formats  are  increasingly becoming key parts to library resources. These collections are accessed and controlled through specialized retrieval software and LANs with Internet connections.

The virtual or digital library is still at its infancy in the Nigerian  universities. In fact, the  National  Universities  Commission  (NUC)  recently  commended  the  Benson  Idahosa University Library as the only university based library in Nigeria that provides  up-to-date information services to patrons (Idiegbayan, Okosun, Eruanya and Ojo-Igbinoba, 2005). The agricultural and agro-allied national research institutes are also known to provide up – to – date  information services to a large extent (World of learning, 1995). University libraries in Nigeria  may be  lagging  behind  in the  provision  of  adequate  and  up-to-date  information services for agricultural research.

Considering   the  critical  role  played  by  universities   in  organizing  the   national agricultural  research  system  (FAO,1993)   and  in  overall  national   development  (World Bank,1997),  university  libraries  are  expected  to  ensure  the  availability  of  and  access  to

adequate and up-to-date relevant information resources for researchers. In realization of this role and in support of agricultural production in Nigeria, the federal government allocates not less than three (3) percent of her annual budget for agricultural research (Federal Republic of Nigeria,  1990).  In  addition,  it  has  established  nineteen  (19)  agricultural  and  agro-allied national research institutes (World of learning, 2001). There are over ninety-one federal, state and private universities with faculties of agriculture including three agricultural universities in Nigeria (NUC, 2008). Specifically, there are twenty five (25) federal universities (including universities of technology and agriculture) with faculties of agriculture (JAMB, 2008).

Much  of  Nigeria’s   scientific   and  technical   manpower   is  actively  engaged   in agricultural  research  and  by  implication  generates  a  great  number  of  local  agricultural literature.  Moreover,  the occasional  meetings,  seminars,  conferences  and  workshop  which serve as fora for the exchange of current agricultural knowledge also result in the generation of  numerous  scientific  papers  (Omeje,  1998).  It  is  apparently  difficult  for  the  Nigerian university libraries to track down the output of recorded knowledge (generated locally and and outside Nigeria) in a science oriented discipline  like agriculture (Popoola,2002).  The large volume of published items of information and data collected that required processing, storing and wide distribution to researchers call for the determination of strategies for utilizing ICTs for updating information services for these researchers in agricultural science. The thrust of this study, therefore, is to determine appropriate ICTs-related resources, effective ICT-based methods, relevant competencies and appropriate strategies for updating information services for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries.

Statement of the Problem

Updating  information  services  for  agricultural  research  involves  the  provision  of adequate  and  up-to-date  information  from  diverse  formats  and  media  to  meet  particular information  needs,  at  the  right  time,  in  the  right  quantity  and  quality  and  for  the  right agricultural  researcher.  The  ultimate  aim  is to  satisfy the  researchers’  information  needs. Agriculture is a  discipline whose research and development depends to a very large extent on timely and up – to – date information resources and services. Thus, French (1990) noted that agricultural researchers are dependent on tremendous amounts of information of very timely nature  and  need  to  track down the output  of  recorded  knowledge  (generated  locally and outside Nigeria) in agriculture and related areas.

While  university  libraries  in  Europe  and  American  have  taken  advantage  of  the opportunities  provided  by information  and  communication  technology  in the  provision  of information services to their patrons, their counterparts in the developing countries, of which

Nigeria is one, are yet to take full advantage of this opportunity (Ikpaahindi,2005). Thus, one of the reasons adduced for the perennial low agricultural production in Africa is the lack of current and adequate information support to all the stakeholders in the sector. It is of great concern, therefore, that agricultural researchers in developing countries such as Nigeria lack access to current literature in university libraries. Consequently, information services provided for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries are not current enough to meet the needs and expectations  of the patrons (Mole,2003;  Idiegbayan,  Okosun, Eruanya and Ojo. Igbinoba, 2005; Ikpaahindi,2005). Most often, locally generated literature on agriculture, such as research reports and conference papers, seem to be inaccessible or are not adequately and currently provided  to a good number  of university libraries in Nigeria. This, according to Aina,  in  Mabawonku  (2001),  has  accounted  partially  for  the  perennial  low  agricultural production in Africa

If  nothing  is  done  to  address  this  problem,  agricultural  researchers  and   other stakeholders  in  the  agricultural  sector  such  as  agriculturists,  governmental  agricultural agencies and policy makers, and agriculture-based Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) would be denied  access to up-to-date  information  on current  innovations  and practices  in agriculture. This will result in research results which may be inappropriate and irrelevant to current agricultural needs of the country. This would result in continuing poor food supply and food security,  continuing  poor agricultural  development  and thus poor economic  and consequently,   national  development  of   Nigeria.  The  government’s   Poverty  Alleviation Programme (PAP) will be derailed while the aspiration of food security as enshrined in the federal government’s 7-point agenda and the elimination of extreme poverty and hunger in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will become another unrealizable dream.

It is of great concern that despite the pertinent need for a study to determine strategies for updating information services for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries, no study has been carried out. This justifies this study which is intended to determine appropriate ICT–related  resources, effective ICT-based methods, relevant competencies and appropriate ICT-based strategies for updating information services for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries. Therefore, the problem of this study put in the form of question is: What are  the  appropriate  ICT  –  related  resources,  effective  ICT  –  based  methods,  relevant competencies  and  appropriate  ICT-based  strategies  for  updating  information  services  for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries.

Purpose of the Study

The general purpose of this study is to determine ICT-based strategies for  updating information services for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries. Specifically, the study is designed to:

1.   Identify the types of ICT – related information resources currently employed in updating information services for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries.

2.   Identify the ICT – based methods currently employed in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries.

3     Ascertain the extent to which the methods are effective in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries

4.   Determine the appropriateness of the Information and Communication Technologies in updating information services for agricultural research in the university libraries.

5.   Ascertain   the   extent   of   application   of   the   Information   and   Communication

Technologies in

updating information services for agricultural research in the university libraries.

6.   Determine   the   relevant   competencies   required   by   Library   and    Information Professionals for updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries using ICTs.

7.   Identify the problems affecting the updating of information services for  agricultural research in the libraries using ICTs.

8.   Determine the strategies that can be applied in enhancing the use of ICTs for updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries.

Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study

1.   What types of ICT – related information resources are currently employed in updating information services for agricultural research in Nigerian university libraries?

2.   What ICT- based methods are employed in updating information services for agricultural research in the university libraries?

3     To what extent are the methods effective in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries?

4     How appropriate are the Information and Communication Technologies for updating  information services for agricultural research in the university libraries?

5. What is the extent of the application of Information and Communication

Technologies in providing information services for agricultural research in the university libraries?

6.   What are the competencies required by Library and Information Professionals (LIPs) in providing up-to-date information services for agricultural research in the university libraries using ICTs?

7.   What are the perceived problems militating against the use of ICTs in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries?

8.  What strategies can be applied in enhancing the use of ICTs in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries?

Hypotheses

Considering the accidental spread of the university libraries into two broad categories (See sample and sampling technique), it was considered appropriate to formulate hypotheses to determine the differences in the mean responses of the LIPs in the two types of university libraries. Therefore, the following null hypotheses were  formulated  to guide the study and were tested at 0.05 level of significance.

Ho 1: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of the LIPs in the agricultural and conventional university libraries with regards to ICT-based methods employed in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries.

Ho 2: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of the LIPs in the agricultural and conventional university libraries with regards to the extent to which the methods employed in updating information services for agricultural research are effective.

Ho 3: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of the LIPs in the agricultural and conventional university libraries with regards to the appropriateness of the ICTs employed in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries.

Ho 4: There is no significant difference in the responses of LIPs of the agricultural and conventional university libraries with regards to the extent  of application of  ICTs in providing information services for agricultural research in the university libraries.

Ho 5: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of the LIPs in the agricultural and conventional university libraries with regards to the competencies required by the LIPs for providing up-to-date information services for agricultural

research in the libraries.

Ho 6: There is no significant difference in the mean responses of the LIPs in the agricultural and conventional university libraries with regards to the perceived problems militating against the use of ICTs in updating information services for agricultural research in the libraries.

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study lies in the fact that solution to the problem raised above would be helpful to the libraries in finding ways of updating their agricultural  information resources and services in this ”Information Age”. Consequently,  this will ensure maximum satisfaction in the provision and use of the information services for agricultural research in the libraries

Specifically, the study is expected to enable the Library and Information Professionals (LIPs)  and  especially  those  involved  in  agricultural  information  services to  identify  the importance of adequate and current information service in agricultural research in particular and in the entire library services in general. It is also expected to help them to improve their present services in this regard to the users (researchers). Additionally, the study is expected to be useful to the library management, as it will educate them on the requirements of current information services and the role of library management in keeping pace with the volume of information  resources  in  agricultural  science  worldwide.  It  will  therefore  guide  them  in updating information services in the area.

The study is expected  to educate the agricultural researchers  on ways of  accessing information more adequately and currently from the libraries. It is also expected to provide them with knowledge of the complementary and indispensable role of researchers in updating information services for agricultural research.

The study is expected to provide proper understanding of the complementary role of

other  stakeholders  in  agricultural  information  services  such  as agricultural  scientists  and academics, authors and publishers in updating information services for agricultural research. It is also expected to make policy makers in the area of agriculture to realize the need to support agricultural research by making policies and decisions as well as providing resources that can facilitate and enhance the updating of information services  for agricultural research in the universities.

Finally,  the  study is expected  to  enable  future  researchers  to  realize  the  need  for further research and studies on the subject of information services for agricultural research in

view of the emerging trends in information  services and therefore guide them on  various dimensions open for further research.

Scope of the Study

This  study  is  de-limited  geographically,  to  Nigeria.  It  covered  federal  university libraries in the twenty five (25) federal universities (including  universities of technology and agriculture) with faculties of agriculture (JAMB,2008)..

In terms of content,  the  study was  limited  to the utilization  of ICTs for  updating information  services  for  agricultural  research  with  a  view  to  obtaining  information  on: appropriate ICT resources for updating information services for agricultural research; extent of  application  of  ICTs  in  updating  the  services;   competencies   required  for  updating information services for agricultural research; problems affecting updating of the information services in the libraries and strategies for enhancement. Information services in this context is limited to the provision of relevant information resources as well as required information for researchers in the area of agricultural science. Response to the instrument was restricted to the LIPs  involved in information services. This includes the University librarians, the librarians- in-charge of reference and information services units, the reference librarians and the heads of computer systems units.



This material content is developed to serve as a GUIDE for students to conduct academic research


ICT – BASED STRATEGIES FOR UPDATING INFORMATION SERVICES FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES

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