DEVELOPMENT OF MOTIVATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR ENHANCING THE ENTRY OF ALMAJIRIS INTO COTTON PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS IN NORTHWEST NIGERIA

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Abstract

This study focused on the development of motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris  into  cotton production occupations  in Northwest,  Nigeria.  Six  research questions guided the study and five hypotheses were formulated and tested at the probability of 0.05 level of significance. Research and Development (R & D) design was used for the study.  The population  for  the  study was  2,717  comprising  1,528  Agricultural  Extension Agents; 1,138 Teachers of Agricultural Science; 24 Cotton Processors and 27 Marketers. The sample for the study was 580 consisting 301 Agricultural Extension Agents, 228 Teachers of Agricultural Science and 51 Cotton Processors and Marketers. The population of Agricultural Extension   Agents   and   Teachers   of  Agricultural   Science   were   sampled   using   20% proportionate  stratified  random sampling  technique  while  the entire population  of Cotton Processors and Marketers were adopted because of their small size. The questionnaire which is  divided  into  five sections (growing,  processing,  and marketing  of cotton,  motivational strategies  and training procedures)  were developed  from the review  of  the literature  and function  of  industry  and  used  for  data  collection  from  the  respondents  and  were  face- validated  by five experts.  Cronbach  Alpha  reliability  method  was used  to determine  the internal consistency of the instruments. Reliability coefficients of 0.79, 0.71, 0.73, 0.82 and

0.89 were obtained for the five sections of questionnaire respectively. Agricultural Extension Agents and Teachers of Agricultural Science responded to 529 copies of the questionnaire on growing of cotton, motivational strategies and training procedure,  while Cotton Processors and Marketers responded to 51 copies of the questionnaire on processing and marketing of cotton. The questionnaires were administered to the respondents by the researcher with the help of seven research assistants. A total of 571 copies were retrieved out of the 580 copies administered  with return rate of 98.4%. The  data collected  were analyzed  using weighted mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while t-test statistics was used to test the hypotheses at the probability level of 0.05 and at relevant degrees of freedom. It was  found  out  that   the  almajiris  required  182  competencies   in  growing  cotton,  57 competencies in processing cotton and 27 competencies in marketing of cotton for entry into any  of  the  occupation  in  cotton  production  enterprises.  It  was  also  found  out  that  34 motivational strategies were required for motivating the almajiris for entry into training in cotton  production  occupations.  The  trainers  also  required  10  motivational  strategies  for enhancing their performance in training the almajiris in cotton production enterprises. The study further  revealed  that  28  competencies  were  identified  as training  procedure  to  be utilized by trainers for empowering the almajiris with skills at the skill acquisition centres. The findings from the test of hypotheses revealed that there was no significant difference in the  mean  ratings  of  the  responses  of  Agricultural  Extension  Agents  and  Teachers  of Agricultural Science on 182 competencies on growing of cotton, 44 motivational strategies required for motivating the almajiris as well as trainers in cotton production occupations. It was also found out that there was no significant difference in the mean rating of the responses of Cotton Processors and Marketers on 52 out of 57 competency items required by almajiris for entry into cotton processing enterprise. Also, there was no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of Cotton Processors and Marketers on 27 competencies  in marketing  for  enhancing  the  entry of  almajiris  into  marketing  of  cotton.  The  identified competencies in cotton production occupation and motivational strategies for the training of almajiris in cotton production were used to package the motivational training programme for the  training  of  almajiris  in  cotton  production.  It  was  recommended  that  the  identified motivational strategies with competencies in cotton production should be utilized by the state government in Northwest, Nigeria for training the almajiris in cotton production for entering into occupation in cotton enterprises.

Background of the Study

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

Cotton (Gossypium spp) is a fibre crop grown in large scale in the Northwest zone of Nigeria. United Nation Conference on Trade and Development  (UNCTAD)  Report (2006) stated that cultivated cotton originated from Asia and Pre-Columbian America (particularly in Peru and Guatemala) and spread to Mexico from these regions. James (2008) explained that cotton is a variety of fibre crop of the genus Gossypium belonging to the malvacae family which comprises of approximately  1,500 species  including the baobab trees. International Trade Centre (ITC) Report (2010) stated that four types of cotton are grown on a commercial scale in the world. They include  Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium barbadenseGossypium arboretum  and  Gossypium  herbaceum.  The  report  explained  that  Gossypium  hirsutum accounts  for  90%  of  the  world  cotton  production,  Gossypium  barbadense,  8%  while Gossypium arboretum and Gossypium herbaceum account for the remaining 2%.Gossypium hirsutum is the species mostly cultivated in Northwest,Nigeria because of its high yield and adaptability to the soil and climatic conditions of the area. Saro (2004) stated that  cotton requires an arid  climate  with adequate  water supply during the early stage of  growth;  it requires a well-drained  and fertile sandy loam soil with a pH value of 6 to 8.00 for good growth.

Raw   Material   Research   and   Development   Council   (RMRDC)   Report   (2004)

explained that cotton grows well on moderately fertile clay and sandy loam soils with a pH of

5.2-8.00. UNCTAD Report (2006) stated that Gossypium hirsutum can grow up to 10 metres high in the wild, but has been domesticated to range between 1.2 to 1.5m tall and 91.4cm to

121.9cm wide at maturity. Siebert (1996) explained that a leave of Gossypium hirsutum looks like a heart with pointed lobes, medium to deep green in colour. The author explained further that the leaves are hairy and are arranged in alternating patterns on the stem and branches

which are short and terminate with flowers that eventually yield the fruits that contain the seeds and fibre. Stephen (2004) observed that the flower of Gossypium hirsutum is hibiscus- like with five petals and a creamy white or yellow colour. James (2008) explained that cotton is usually pollinated by insect and the female pistil with three to four ovaries inside ripens to form a green capsule or ball. The capsule upon drying will split open to reveal the seed and white fibre. Sabo, Daniel and Adeniji (2009) explained that cotton plant is mainly cultivated for  its  seed  and  the  fibre.  The  seeds  are  processed  into  vegetable  oil  used  for  human consumption. The seed by-product is used for feeding livestock and fish. It is also used as fertilizer for improving soil nutrient. Stephen (2004) added that the stalks and leaves of the cotton plants are ploughed under to enrich the soil; the short hair on the seed coat provides cellulose for making plastics. The lint is incorporated into wood pulp for making high quality paper  product. Uguru (1996) stated that cotton fibres are used in the textile industries for making clothing materials and for stuffing purpose, in pads, cushions, pillows, mattresses and as cleaning materials for human use. Due to the importance of cotton crop, many individuals in the Northwest zone engage in its production.

Production according to Jhington in Uko (2003) is the combination of various input resources  in order  to  create  a desired  output.  Iwena  (2008)  explained  production  as all economic activities which result in the creation of goods and services. Cotton production in the context of this study is the combination  of various input  resources  (both human  and materials) towards enhancing the entry of almajiris into  any of the enterprise  for increase cotton production.  Resource  inputs into cotton  production include such materials  as land, water, tools, agro-chemicals, machines,  planting materials, fertilizers and so on, the human resource inputs which include skills possessed by persons in the youth category and other hired labour and services to enhance or increase cotton output for human use. Siebert (1996) categorized activities in cotton production to include growing, processing and marketing of

cotton. For successful Cotton production, some competencies  need to be possessed by the individuals involved in the production process.

Competency  according  to  Olaitan  and  Ali (1997)  is described  as the  knowledge, skills, attitude and judgment generally required for the successful performance of a task. Tom (2004) explained competency as a combination of skills, knowledge and attitude that enable an individual  to perform  a job to the standard  required.  Competency  deals with what is expected in the work place with emphasis on performing the actual job. To be competent, according to Olaitan (2003), means that  the  individual has acquired the knowledge, skills, attitude  and  judgment  which  he  requires  in order  to perform  successfully  at a specified proficiency level in a given work. Competency in this study is a well-developed  ability of almajiris  (youths)  in  performing  a  task  in  any  given  job  such  as  in  cotton  production enterprises making use of required resource inputs.

Youth according to United Nation General Assembly report (1995) are young people of 15-24 years bracket. This age range may go up to 30 years in developing countries like Nigeria. The National Youth Development Policy (2001) defined youths as people aged 18-

35. The youth population according to the 2006 census is almost a hundred million.  This means that they constitute more than two thirds of the country’s population of 140 million. They are the backbone of the development of the country. Indeed if Nigeria is to be sustained as a viable entity, there must be a very good plan to tap the energy and resourcefulness of the youth population to fast track economic development. Youths with reference to this study are the almajiris who attend Quranic Schools and engage in street begging. The almajiris are made to develop to adolescent or adult under feudal masters without any occupation except running errand for the feudal masters. These individuals have no interractions what so ever with Teachers of Agriculture in the regular school system. The teacher of agricultural science is  an  individual  who  is trained  in  pedagogical  and  technical  aspects  of agriculture  and

certified to teach agricultural science in schools and colleges. He teaches cotton production to students in regular schoosl other than the almajiris. Therefore, he is  knowledgeable  about skills in cotton production enterprise. Almajiris according to  Adetoro (2010), refers to any person that moves on the streets for alms begging, sometimes in groups, around age 7 to 15 under the command of a mallam (teacher) of an informal Quranic Schools. The author stated that out of about eight million destitute in Nigeria, seven million of them are almajiris living in Northern Nigeria. The author further emphasized that the almajiris are in three categories, thus:

i.   The Kolo (Infants-age 5-15 years) who engage in streets begging.

ii.  The Titibiri (Adolescents age 16-21 years)who always lead the kolo in the streets begging. iii. The Gardi (Adolescents age 22 and above) who engage in intensive and laborious services for their feudal masters.

The concern of this study is the almajiris in group two and three, that is, the Titibiri and the Gardi who are 15 years and above serving feudal masters. These groups of almajiris could be motivated and trained through the development of a training programme in cotton production enterprises which is a triving agricultural occupation in Northwestern Nigeria.

Development  according  to  Quirk  (1995)  is  the  act  of  making  something  more organized. Gyankosh (2010) viewed development as the process of producing something new or more advanced. Development in the context of this study involved identifying and writing out  motivational  strategies  with  competencies  in  the  areas  of  growing,  processing  and marketing of cotton which were packaged for training of the almajiris in any of the cotton production enterprise.

Training according to Gordon (1992)  is a planned  and systematic  modification  of behavior through learning events, activities and programme which results in the participant achieving  the level of knowledge,  skills and abilities  to carry out their  work effectively.

Onuka  (2008) viewed  training  as a skill acquisition  process through which almajiris  are taught new knowledge and skills and how to apply them. The author stated further that the objectives  of  training  almajiris  in  occupations  is  to  assist  them  in  acquiring  relevant competencies  in all aspect of any production activities  so as to  increase their production capacity. Training in the context of this study is the  provision of relevant knowledge and skills in cotton production to the almajiris through practical teaching to enhance their entry into cotton production enterprises. Any training package in an occupation or job opportunities according  to  Onuka  (2008)  is better  organized  into  a programme  for  effective  delivery. Programme is viewed by Sincliar (1999) as a series of action or activities that are planned, organized and to be carried out sequentially during training. Olaitan and Ndomi in Asogwa (2010) referred to programme as a planned list of instruction to be executed or carried out in a logical  manner during learning or training. Programme with reference to this study is a series  of planned  activities  in cotton production  in the  area of growing,  processing  and marketing with motivational strategies which are packaged for training of the almajiris in the Northwest zone to enhance their entry into occupation in cotton production enterprises for increased cotton yield.

Enhancing according to Yerkes (1994) refers to a means of intensifying or raising something to a higher degree. Brainy-Quotes (2011) described enhancement as a means of raising or adding to the strength, worth, value or other desirable quality of something. With reference to this study, enhancement means increasing the level of competencies acquired by the almajiris in order to improve their participation in any of the cotton production enterprise.

Enterprise,  according to Myfuture (2012), is an activity or a project that  produces services or products for human benefit. Akrani (2011) stated that enterprise is the ability to turn an idea into  a successful  business.  The author  explained  that  enterprise  is all about having   the   competence   to   succeed   in  a   highly   competitive   and   often   challenging

environment.  In  this  study,  enterprise  means  the  ability  of  the  almajiris  to  apply  the knowledge,  skills and attitude acquired  through training  in cotton production to  establish themselves in cotton production enterprises such as growing, processing and marketing for sustainable and independent living.

Growing  of cotton involves  farmers  in producing  the cotton;  processing  involves processors  in  separating  the  cottonseed  into  seed  and  lint,  while  marketing  involves  a marketer  who  distributes  the  various  products  to  users.  Also,  processor  in  the  cotton industries is involved in converting cotton lint into textile and fabrics.  Both processor and marketer are knowledgeable about the skills in cotton processing and marketing enterprise.

Cotton production in the area of the study has been in the hands of aging farmers who are  using  human  labour  and  indigenous  technologies  to  produce  low  level  quantity  of cotton.These farmer’s atime received some guidance from the Agicultural Extension Agents which  enable  them  to  produce  the  little  cotton  fibre  still  put  for  sale  in  the  market. Agricultural  Extension  Agent  as  stated  by  Onuoha  and  Nnadi  (2004)  is  one  that  is professionally  trained  to  extend  improve  farming  practices  to  farmers  for  their  benefit. Agricultural Extension Agent in the view of Kristin (2009) is one who extend research based knowledge  in  agricultural  practices  to  farmers  in  order  to  improve  their  practices  and economic benefit.It is also the individual who  take the farmers problems from his farm to research institute for  solutions.In the context of this study,agricultural extension agent is an individual who extend informations to the local farmers on cotton production and carry their problems  to  the   research  institute  through  the  approval  of  Agricultural  Development Programme  (ADP) in their respective  states. They are very familiar with the problems of scarcity of cotton fibre to the textile industries originating from the small quantity produced by the local farmers. Abba (2011) reported that leading exporters of cotton lint like Olam Nigeria Ltd and The West Africa Cotton Company (WACOT) and many others have for the

last 14-15 years either been operating at a loss or very marginal profit as a result of the ailing condition  of  cotton  production.  If  the  almajiris  are  exposed  to  training  with  sufficient motivation  in any of the enterprises,  they are  likely to take up job in  cotton  production industries for sustainable living.

Motivation  according  to  Hackenbury  and  Hackenbury  in Nnachi  (2009)  refers  to forces acting on or within an individual to cause, initiate or direct behaviours. The  author explained that motivation is a prime factor in human success on a job and it is by means of motivation that an action is taken to reach a goal.   Owuamunam and  Owuamunam (2002) viewed motivation as an individuals urge, desire, tendency, or striving to achieve a goal or fulfill certain needs. In the opinion of Colman (2003), motivation is a driving force or forces responsible for initiation, persistence, direction and vigour of goal directed behaviours. The author observed that motivation is the key to success and a driving force by which humans achieve their goals in an occupation. Motivation in the context of this study is a set of one or more rewards or reinforcements packaged to activate or improve the behavior and mindsets of the matured almajiris  above their present status in order to entice them into taking up occupations in the cotton industry.

Occupation  in  the  opinion  of  Falex  (2003)  is  a  broad  term  that  encompasses employment  sectors or the categories of job which an individual is  undertaking  to earn a living. Anonymous (2012) stated that occupation includes one’s vocation or job or something that  one  undertakes  to  provide  one’s  livelihood  regularly.  The  almajiris  can  take  up employment in cotton industry to make a  worthwhile living. Industry according to Akrani (2011)   is  a  business   activity  which   is  related   to  raising,   producing,   processing   or manufacturing of products. It is the branch of economic activity concerned with the use of raw materials in manufacturing goods whether finished products or semi-products (products that go into other products). The almajiris could be employed in cotton industry as a means

of increasing  cotton production for improved  industrial activities. In order to achieve  the purpose of cotton production among the almajiris in the area of the study through motivation, certain strategy must be adopted.

Strategy according to Michael (1996) is a deliberate attempt of choosing a different set of activities to deliver a unique value. Encarta (2009) described strategy as a carefully devised  plan of action to achieve  a goal.  Falex (2009)  explained  that  strategy is actions resulting from intended plan to accomplish a specified  goal.  Motivational  strategy in this study is certain actions that can attract almajiris away from their feudal masters into jobs in cotton production. Such actions include re-enforcements through media campaign and textile agencies that could persuade almajiris to enter into  cotton production as an alternative  to feudal masters’ benefits. Such benefits in the area of the study include feeding, shelter, and clothing in a short time without brief  case. The feudal masters are those individuals who voluntarily take the responsibilities and spend some of their material resources in caring for the unemployed adult almajiris and other youths. These enable them to involve the almajiris in any activity that are of interest to the security, image and economic viability of the feudal system. In this study,  the motivational strategies are those that could provide the almajiris and  the  environment  with  long term  benefits  such as: independent  living with equitable income from the industries, independent decision making by the almajiris rather than being coarse into errands that support or protect the mission of the feudal masters,  sustainable income over life time, peaceful co-existence with neighbours and members of his community and the nation, positive participation in the nation’s growth and development and opportunity to raise a family and independently sustain its members.

In the area of the study, there are many matured almajiris who attend Qura’nic or the almajiris  system  of  education  where  they  acquired  Islamic  knowledge  as  a  means  for sustaining  their  life but  were not  trained  in  any skills  for  employment.  These  almajiris

remained unemployed and have developed to matured individuals at the mercy of their feudal masters who engage their services in return for marginal livelihood. They are very common in large cities and towns in the area of the study such as Kano,  Kaduna,  Katsina, Daura, Sokoto,  Kebbi,  Gusau  and,  Dutse.  They  at  times  sit   down  in  groups  responding  to information from their feudal masters. They are given mass feeding and supplied with little clothing materials without brief case. They have strong belief in their religion and instruction from  their  feudal  masters,  they have  no  other  job  rather  than what their  feudal masters instructed them to do. These feudal masters have no specific interest in training the almajiris for job that can benefit or settle them individually but rather for errands that they can benefit from  through  their  preaching.  The  almajiris  take  the  preaching  of  their  feudal  masters seriously and grow with it in a society that requires individuals to make contribution to her economic growth and development.

The contribution of these almajiris appears to be contrary to the needs of a growing and developing society like Nigeria economically. Therefore, to help the almajiris realize and accept  an  alternative  empowerment  programme  to  their  present  activities,  they  require motivation and training in relevant occupations  within their  environment  one of which is cotton production.

Statement of the Problem

Cotton which is a source of raw materials to the textile industries is a major  crop grown in the Northwest, Nigeria. It is vital to the economy of the nation having contributed enormously to the government revenue through taxes and export. In  addition, the industry provides  textile  goods such as clothing,  cushion,  pads,  and  papers among  others  for the Nigerian  markets.  Federal Office of Statistics  (FOS,  2004) reported  that the total annual cotton consumption in Nigeria was 80,000MT  cotton lint in 2003 while production in the

year was 32,000 MT cotton lint which  is less than half of the total cotton demand.  This represents a short fall of total cotton demanded in the year 2003 by 60%.

The continuous decline arose because cotton production activities have been in the hands of the aging farmers who make use of human labour and indigenous  technologies. These methods usually result in the production of low level quantity of cotton to the industry. This situation made the textile industries to source for raw materials outside the country at high cost which led to increase in the cost of locally produced textile materials, reduced the growth rate of textile related small scale industries such as ginneries, spinners and weavers in the study area.Some of these industries are  closing down due to unavailability of locally produced  raw materials  for them to  keep  on rendering  supportive  services  for the textile factories.

The nation is interested  in supporting the sustenance  of local industries  especially cotton production industry, but farmers are weak in strength and could not sustain the interest of the government.  Therefore  there  is need  to look for alternative  that could  sustain the interest of the government and that of the textile  industries.There  are many young jobless youth and almajiris in the study area who  could benefit from the government initiatives of boosting  cotton production  and  the  economy.  If sufficient  motivation  is included  in the government initiatives to the benefit of the almajiris, they could take up jobs in the cotton industry.

The almajiris are individuals who passed through Quranic education or dropped out of schools or were unable to acquire secondary education;  they have grown to  adulthood without any specific skills in an occupation or entrerprise except to serve the feudal masters for mere handout such as feeding, clothing, and running some errand that are of interest to their feudal masters. There is evidence from the experience of people in society that they are youths of no immediate identity or location. These individuals are viewed not to have made

any positive contribution to the economy of the nation or development of the  community where they reside. If these almajiris are motivated above what they are obtaining from their feudal masters without any infringement on their religious faith, it might help to provide them a change in behaviour to accept training in modern production of cotton using technology. This could lead to large scale production of cotton fibre to meet the demand of the ailing textile mills in the country and at the same time providing independent livelihood to these unemployed  almajiris.  To  do  this,  a  training  programme  on  cotton  production  for  the almajiris needs to be developed for their empowerment.

Purpose of the Study

The major purpose of this study was to develop motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris into cotton production occupation in Northwest,  Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to identify:

1.        Competencies required by almajiris for entry into occupation in growing of cotton.

2.        Competencies required by almajiris for entry into occupation in processing of cotton

3.         Competencies required by almajiris for entry into occupation in marketing of cotton.

4.        Motivational strategies required for enhancing the entry and sustainability of almajiris

into occupations in cotton production.

5.        Motivational  strategies  required  by  trainers  for  enhancing  their  performance  in training the almajiris in cotton production occupations.

6.        Training procedure that could be utilized by trainers for empowering the  almajiris

with skills in cotton production at the skill acquisition centre. And

7.        Develop   the  identified   motivational   strategies   with  competencies   in   growing, processing  and marketing  of cotton into  programme  for training the  almajiris  for employment in any cotton production enterprise.

8.        Validate the developed  programmes in cotton production enterprises  in the area  of growing, processing and marketing of cotton.

Significance of the Study

The theoretical significance  of the study revalidates the theory of the study which includes theories of motivation, occupation and training. The theory of motivation suggest that for almajiris to enter and participate in training for occupations in cotton industry,they needs  to  be  motivated  before,during  and  after  training  as  a  means  for  disengaging  the almajiris  from their feudal masters.  The theory of  occupation provided  the skill element, value and knowledge which enhance the entry of almajiris into any of the cotton enterprises. In addition, theory of training for skill acquisition ensures gradual process that involved being embodied in different ways and developing skills that will make it possible for trainees to deal  with  the  world  of  work effectively.  The  findings  of  this  study on development  of motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris into cotton production occupations has further validated the significance of the three theories on which the study was theoretically anchored.

This  study  is  also  of benefits  to  the  almajiris  and  other  youths,  cotton  farmers, government/non-governmental organization, textile mills, researchers, teachers of agricultural science and agricultural extension agents in the Northwest Nigeria.

The study provided information on development of motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris into cotton production occupations. This information will help the unemployed almajiris to undergo competency training programme with motivation which may be organized by the government/non-governmental  organization (NGO’s), textile companies among others to equip them with relevant knowledge and skills for enhancing the entry of almajiris into  any of the cotton production enterprise for increased  yield and as a means of earning their livelihood.

The study provided information on development of motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris into cotton production occupations to the government. The government can direct the skill acquisition centres or youth’s empowerment centres to integrate the identified motivational strategies with competencies in cotton production for re- training  of  other  youths  and  cotton  farmers  towards  enhancing  their  entry  in  cotton production occupations on continuous basis.

The study provided information on development of motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris into cotton production occupations to the textile mills. The  textile  mills  can assist  in mobilizing  and  providing  the  unemployed  almajiris  with motivation  and  training  to  enable  them  take  up  employment  in  textile  mills  and  other servicing factories such as ginneries, for them to live an independent and sustainable life in future.

The study provided  Agricultural  Extension Agents with information  on  developed motivational training programme for enhancing the entry of almajiris into cotton production occupations. The information can be transmitted by them to research centers or used by them for participating in the improvement of the livelihood of the  almajiris through training for development of appropriate programme for training farmers in cotton production enterprises.

The  information’s  provided  by the  study could  also  guide  future  researchers  and teachers of agricultural science in embarking on similar studies where appropriate and using it  for  teaching  agricultural  science  students  in colleges  to  enhance  their  skills  in cotton production occupations.

Research Questions

The following research questions guided the study:

1          What  are  the  competencies  required  by almajiris  for  entering  into  occupation  in growing of cotton?

2          What  are  the  competencies  required  by almajiris  for  entering  into  occupation  in processing of cotton?

3          What  are  the  competencies  required  by almajiris  for  entering  into  occupation  in marketing of cotton?

4          What   are   the   motivational   strategies   required   for   enhancing   the   entry   and sustainability of almajiris into occupations in cotton production?

5          What  are  the  motivational  strategies  required   by  trainers  for  enhancing   their performance  in  training  the  almajiris  in  cotton  production  occupations  at  skill acquisition centre?

6         What is the procedure that could be utilized by trainers for empowering the almajiris

with skills in cotton production occupations at the skill acquisition centre?

Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses were tested by the study at the probability of 0.05 level of significance.

Ho1:    There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of Agricultural Extension Agent and Teachers of Agricultural Science on competencies required for enhancing the entry of almajiris into occupation in growing of cotton.

Ho2:    There  is no significant  difference  in the mean ratings of the responses  of  Cotton Processors  and  Marketers  on  competencies  required  for  enhancing  the  entry  of almajiris into occupation in processing of cotton.

HO3:   There  is no significant  difference  in the mean ratings of the responses  of  Cotton Processors  and  Marketers  on  competencies  required  for  enhancing  the  entry  of almajiris into occupation in marketing of cotton

Ho4:    There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of Agricultural

Extension  Agents  and Teachers  of Agricultural  Science  on motivational  strategies

required for enhancing the entry and sustainability of almajiris into occupations  in cotton production.

Ho5:    There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of the responses of Agricultural Extension  Agents  and Teachers  of Agricultural  Science  on  motivational  strategies required  by trainers  for  enhancing  their  performance  in  training  the almajiris  for occupations in cotton production at skill acquisition centre.

Scope of the Study

The study was carried out in the Northwest Nigeria, encompassing seven States which includes: Jigawa, Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Kebbi, Sokoto and Zamfara. The area is located in the guinea and Sahel savannah zones of the country.The  area shares  boundry  with Niger Republic to the East, Niger State to the South East, Kwara State  to the South and Benin Republic  to  the West.  The  study was restricted  to  development  of motivational  training programme in cotton for enhancing the entry of almairis into cotton production occupations. It covers  (i) growing,  processing  and  marketing  of cotton (ii) motivational  strategies  for enhancing the entry and  sustainability of almajiris into cotton production occupations and motivational  strategies  for  trainers  in training.  (iii)  Training  procedure  to be  utilized  by trainers during training in cotton production. The study was also restricted to collection of data  through the use of questionnaire from Agricultural Extension Agent, Teachers of Agricultural  Science  in secondary  schools,  Cotton  Processors  and  Marketers  involved  in processing and marketing of cotton.



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DEVELOPMENT OF MOTIVATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR ENHANCING THE ENTRY OF ALMAJIRIS INTO COTTON PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS IN NORTHWEST NIGERIA

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